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Harnessing Plant Genetic Resources through Biotechnology for Food Security in Indonesia
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-01) Mastur ...[at al], Mastur; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Plant genetic resources (PGR) with high genetic diversity are valuable assets as the basis of global and national food security. This review article provides a comprehensive review about harnessing PGR through the application of biotechnology for food self-sufficiency in general and was addressed in Indonesia. Some topics concerning the challenge of food self-sufficiency related to the status of PGR in Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development- Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development Gene Bank (IAARD-ICABIOGRAD Gene Bank), the utilization of PGR in Indonesia, relevant biotechnology to harness PGR, supporting national legislation for national and global levels, and the future perspective were discussed. Many challenges including climate change, land degradation, increasing human population, and biodiversity loss have been attempted and need a high effort to achieve sustainable food production today. In a conservation perspective, PGR in the country was predominantly for research and breeding that are a complement to the propagation and cultivation. Considering its potential role in food security, a total of 30 crops are conserved ex situ by IAARD-ICABIOGRAD Gene Bank which is assigned to manage the germplasm and some other crop-based research institutes. An effective crop genetic improvement through implementation and application of biotechnology should be raised through basis and advance researches in vitro and molecular biology such as gene and genomic technologies and other omics, genetic engineering including genome editing would expectedly increase the utilization of PGR. As consequence, some governmental policy framework and laws are important support for national PGR program to harness PGR in Indonesia. Therefore, it will be a major opportunity that biotechnological approaches will be incorporated into the national agricultural program in complement with national legislation to food security in Indonesia.
Understanding Yeast Tolerance as Cell Factory for Bioethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Biomass
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Riyanti, Eny Ida, Edy Listanto; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Cell factory is the most important machinery for bioproduct. Yeast cell is known as the most productive machinery for ethanol production regarding its robustness toward high concentration of ethanol in the environment. However, it is become challenging when using lignocellulosic hydrolysate as raw material. For ethanol production, fermentation process depends on its cell’s vitality under stress condition by ethanol accumulation in the environment. Furthermore, ethanol production using lignocellulosic hydrolysate undergo various challenges against inhibitory chemical complex such as 2-furaldehyde (furfural), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), syringaldehyde, and vanillin coupled with some cell membrane-permeative acids, such as acetic acid, formic acid, and a small fraction of levulinic acid. Yeast cell maintains its survival on the stress condition by modification of its the genes regulation. Several considerations should be sought to engineered yeast as cell factory for ethanol production using lignocellulosic hydrolysate. This paper will discuss yeast survival mechanism toward its product and lignocellulosic hydrolysate environment, inhibitors effect to yeast cell, and gene regulation toward lignocellulosic hydrolysate for bioethanol production
Resistance to Brown Planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens Stål) in Rice Accessions Originated from Sumatra Island, Indonesia
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Koswanudina ...[at al], Dodin; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Brown planthoppers (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens Stål) is considered as the main pest in rice plantation in Indonesia, including Sumatra Island. An Integrated Pest Management (IPM) by using resistant varieties is one of the best approaches to control the pest. Local germplasm offers source of gene for the development of resistant varieties. This study was subjected to observe the resistance of local rice varieties originated from Sumatra Island, Indonesia to BPH. The evaluation was carried out using seedling test method. A total of 85 rice accessions of IAARD-ICABIOGRAD Gene Bank collected from Sumatra Island were assessed in a randomized experimental design with three replications. IR 42 and IR 64 were used as susceptible check, whereas PTB 33 was used as resistant check for BPH. Scoring and determination level of resistance were conducted according to Standard Evaluation System of IRRI. The results showed that 5 and 14 rice accessions were highly resistant and resistant to BPH, respectively. There was no correlation observed between the level of BPH resistance and the origin of the accessions. The existences of some highly resistant local rice accessions identified in present study are potential sources for the development of BPH resistant varieties to support the implementation of IPM and agricultural development in the region.
The Application of Gamma Ray Irradiation to Increase Triterpenoid Compounds in Embryogenic Calli of Centella asiatica L. Urban
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Roostika ...[at al], Ika; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Centella asiatica L. Urban has bioactive compounds from triterpenoid group. Raw materials that are not standardized are one of the obstacles in supplying the needs of the pharmaceutical industry. The in vitro culture technology may solve this problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gamma ray irradiation on growth and triterpenoid content of embryogenic calli of C. asiatica. The three accessions tested were CASI 016, CASI 002, and released varieties Castina 1. Gamma ray irradiation was carried out at doses of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Krad. The results showed that the in vitro response of each accession was genotype dependent. Castina 1 contained higher triterpenoid compounds than the other accessions. However, the gamma ray irradiation treatment up to 5 Krad has not been able to increase the content of these compounds. The treatment could only increase the content of asiaticoside and asiatic acid of accession CASI 016 at the dose of 5 Krad. There was an increase of asiaticoside and madecasoside content of accession CASI 002. It is expected that the increase of gamma ray irradiation dose will increase the triterpenoid compounds content in embryogenic calli of C. asiatica.
Response of Gamma Ray Irradiation Derived-Cultures of Three Sugarcane Varieties to Drought Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Purnamaningsih, Ragapadmi, Suci Rahayu; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Drought is one of limiting factor in sugarcane growth and productivity, therefore sugarcane which has high production in the dry season is needed. Somaclonal variation combined with in vitro selection could increase genetic variation, while those new variants can be selected in vitro. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of somaclones derived from gamma ray irradiation combined with in vitro selection by using polyethylene glycol (PEG). Three new varieties of sugarcane (AAS Agribun, CMG Agribun, and AMS Agribun) were used as plant materials. Embryogenic calli were induced using 3 mg/l 2,4-D and 3g/l. casein hydrolysate followed by gamma ray irradiation at doses of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 Gy. After recovery step, calli were selected by using PEG 6000 10 and 15%. The results showed that AMS Agribun derived-cultures were growth faster to form callus, but they were most sensitive after treated with gamma ray irradiation. The highest percentage of callus regeneration were obtained from AAS Agribun mutants after selected with PEG. The highest number of mutant shoots tolerant to PEG were obtained from AAS Agribun and the lowest from CMG Agribun. The higher gamma ray irradiation dose more than 30 Gy and in vitro selection more than 10% inhibited the growth of cultures.
The Effect of Coating Application Using Chitosan Enzymatic Depolymerization on Anthracnose Disease Suppression in Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. ’Arumanis’
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Suryadi ...[at al], Yadi; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Mango cv. ’Arumanis’ is more prone to postharvest disease. An alternative anthracnose disease control is necessary to reduce use of synthetic pesticides. The research was aimed to develop bioformulation against Colletotrichum spp. Seventeen mango phyllosphere isolates belonging to Gram-positive (7 isolates) and Gram-negative (10 isolates) bacteria were obtained from Bogor and Pasuruan. The FAM 1 isolate produced the highest chitinase (14.7±1.11 ppm). Chitosan (CS) depolymerized with chitinase (D3K, BK2P of Bogor isolates) and mixed with tripolyphosphate (TPP) at a concentration ratio of 5:1 (v/v) could inhibit the growth of Colletotrichum spp. compared with control under in vitro test, however, the level of inhibition was lower (<50%). Further formulations of CS (depolymerized with chitinase of Pasuruan isolates (EGM 1, FAM 1, and BMH) mixed with tripolyphosphate (TPP) using concentration ratio of 5:2 and 5:3 (v/v) was effective to suppress the fungal growth colonies in vitro. The application with a formula CS (FAM 1 isolate) and TPP mixture at ratio 5:2 showed as the highest anthracnose disease suppression in vivo. Candidate formulation to reduce Colletotrichum spp. infections have been obtained in the laboratory. However, in vivo test of various mango cultivars in the field still needs to be done.
Morphological Characters and Efficacy of Thirteen Entomopathogenic Fungi of Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber Isolates on Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Prayogo ...[at al], Yusmani; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. In the intercropping system between of soybean and citrus plant was known as a triggers of the explosion of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) and citrus whitefly (Dialeurodes citri) population. These two types of insect pests are in the same order and family which known as an important as vectors for various types of viruses. This study was aimed to identify the morphological characters and efficacy of entomopathogenic fungi that infect B. tabaci and D. citri. Insect cadavers colonized by fungal mycelium were taken from three centers of soybean production in East Java Province (Banyuwangi, Jember, and Pasuruan Regencies). Each insect cadaver from the field was sterilized using 0.5% chlorox solution and then incubated in potato dextrose agar medium. The growing colonies were identified based on morphological characters and then tested by Koch's postulates against B. tabaci. The results of the identification showed that there were Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber fungi obtained with white colony color which then turned into light brown. The size of conidiophores was 39–40 × 2.1–2.3 μm, conidia 10–11 × 2.0 μm, optimum temperature 27–30􀁱C, toxic to egg, nymph, and imago, especially isolates from Banyuwangi Regency with mortality reaching 89% within 3–4 days after application. The finding of A. aleyrodis fungal isolates is a new innovation in biological control because both B. tabaci and D. citri are tolerant to synthetic pesticides due to biotype changes.
Hybrid Purity Assessment in F1 Hybrids Segregating for Phytophthora Root Rot Resistance Genes of Chili Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Fatimah ...[at al], Fatimah; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Root rot caused by Phytophthora capsici is the most devastating disease in Indonesia causing up to 100% yield loss. Breeding resistant cultivars is the most effective strategy to reduce losses caused by this disease. This study aimed to (1) determine the parentage confirmation and genetic relatedness of the parents, (2) genotype two F1 populations using a subset of six markers, and (3) measure the horticultural characteristics of two F1 populations. Tanjung-2 and Ciko varieties were used as recurrent parent (RP) in a cross with donor parent (DP) CM334 having Phytophthora root rot resistance gene. Molecular analysis of the parents was done using 33 markers linked to the resistance genes of which 17 markers demonstrated clear polymorphism. The phylogenetic tree classified the parents into two groups, i.e. group 1 consisted of two RPs (Ciko and Tanjung-2) and group 2 consisted of CM334. Clustering analysis clearly revealed that genetic materials used in this study were not closely related. Genotyping using six polymorphic markers showed that the marker-hybrid purity index ranged from 47.17 to 100% for F1 Tanjung-2/CM334 and 80 to 100% for F1 Ciko/CM334. The selected F1 was self-hybridized to develop F2 population. Horticulture characterization showed that branch number per plant, fruit diameter, fruit weight, and total fruit weight per plant of F1 Ciko/CM334 were higher than F1 Tanjung-2/CM334. Meanwhile, for plant height, canopy diameter, flowering time, and harvesting time the F1 Tanjung-2/CM334 demonstrated better performances than the F1 Ciko/CM334. The populations developed from this study can be used in genetic linkage mapping of genes conferring resistance to P. capsici.
Rejuvenation and Morphological Characterization of Local Rice from the Province of Yogyakarta
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Widyayantia ...[at al], Setyorini; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Rejuvenation is one of the efforts in ex situ conservation to improve the viability and availability of seed collection. Morphological characterization is important in plant breeding. It can be used to classify genotypes to find out relationship between genotype which is used as reference material in selection. The Province of Yogyakarta has various genetic resources of local rice obtained through several years of exploration, but some have not been known for its potential superiority. Some of these local rice collections are currently limited in seed number, morphological, and other important characteristics data are still lacking. Therefore, rejuvenation and characterization are needed for providing breeding materials. This research aimed to rejuvenate and to evaluate the morphological characters of 15 Yogyakarta local rice. Rejuvenation and characterization of the varieties in vegetative and generative growth stages were carried out in 2019 at a screen house in Banyakan, Bantul Regency. The result showed that rejuvenation of 15 local rice produced 13 cultivars which yielded >100 g of seeds per cultivar. Based on quantitative character, 15 local rice could be grouped into three main groups. The first group consisted of 12 local rice, the second group consisted of 2 local rice, and the third group consisted of 1 local rice. The main determinant characters were days of maturity, plant height, number of grains per panicle, and grain weight. Based on the qualitative character, 15 local rice could be grouped into two groups. First group consisted of 12 local rice and the second group consisted of 3 local rice. The most determinant characters were grain color and flag-leaf attitude. Grouping local rice based on its morphological characters can be used as a reference in selection. In this case, the effectiveness of selection can be easily understood by using color clustergram visualization.
The Growth of Garlic Internal Sprout on Different Storage Condition
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Azmi ...[at al], Chotimatul; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Garlic is one of Indonesia main spices. However, garlic bulb needs a long period of dormancy (4–6 months) before sprouting. Garlic dormancy ends as the shoot emerges from the clove. This research was aimed to examine the internal sprout growth of different garlic cultivars. A factorial completely randomized block design with two replications was applied to the combination between four garlic varieties, i.e. Lumbu Hijau, Lumbu Putih, Lumbu Kuning, and Tawangmangu Baru, and three different storage condition, i.e. garlic storeroom, seed drying room, and cold storage. Observed parameters included bulb weight, number of cloves, clove diameter, clove length, internal sprout length, and ratio between internal sprout length and clove length. The results showed that the internal sprout length was affected by varietal difference and storage condition. There was an interaction between varieties and storage condition to the growth of garlic internal sprout. It also showed that cold storage method was approved to accelerate the internal sprout emergence of garlic cloves. Meanwhile, drying room method apparently hindered garlic dormancy compared to garlic storeroom.
Secondary Characters Based Selection of Indonesian Kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L.) Germplasm for Developing Superior Varieties
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Hidayat R. S. ...[at al], Taufiq; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Indonesia has released 13 varieties of kenaf derived from the refining of several introduced lines and hybridization. Lines selection was carried out to obtain lines that have certain superior characters. This study aimed to determine the agronomic characters that can be used as secondary characters for selection to support the developing process of new superior varieties. A total of 70 kenaf accessions from Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Institute (ISFCRI) germplasm collection, was mainly introduced accessions from International Jute Organization (IJO). Primary data of the 16 quantitative morphological characters were observed based on the total accessions to be subjected for analysis using correlation, path analysis, and scatter plot. The characters of the first flower phase, 50% flower blooming, fiber harvest phase, plant height, diameter, and dry core weight had a significant and positive correlation coefficient with the dry weight of kenaf fiber. The dry weight of the core showed the best direct effect and total effect value, i.e. 0.88 and 0.84, respectively. Based on dry core and fiber weight characters, three distribution clusters of 70 kenaf accessions were obtained. In quadrant III, two accessions potentially produce the best dry fiber and they can be considered a source of parent in developing a new superior variety of kenaf.
The Effect of FeSO4 Concentration on the Callus Growth of Two Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Varieties
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Yunita ...[at al], Rossa; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. In vitro selection is a method that can produce varieties that are tolerant to abiotic stresses such as Fe poisoning. FeSO4 is a compound that can be used as an in vitro selection agent for resistance to Fe toxicity. Each genotype has a different response to FeSO4. For this reason, it is necessary to determine the optimal concentration for each genotype to be selected so that the selection results are more accurate. This study aimed to observe the response of callus growth to Fe toxicity and to obtain the lethal concentration of 50 (LC50) FeSO4 value for callus of two chili varieties Prima Agrihorti and Rabani Agrihorti. This study used a complete factorial design with the first factor was variety and the second factor was the concentration of FeSO4 (0, 54, 108, 162, and 215 mg/l). The number of repetitions was 10 times. The observed parameters were the percentage of browning callus, callus diameter, and callus performance. To determine the LC50 value, the curve analysis program was used. The results showed the interaction between varieties and the concentration of FeSO4 has not significant effect, but when the FeSO4 concentration increase, the growth was inhibited, shown as smaller diameter and the callus turned to brown. The LC50 FeSO4 value in the variety Prima Agrihorti was 130.341 mg/l, while that of Rabani Agrihorti was 115.511 mg/l. These values can be used for in vitro selection of callus of chili varieties Prima Agrihorti and Rabani Agrihorti.
Cells Density Affects Cell Production of Citrus limonia in Flask and Air-Lift Bioreactor Cultures and Limonin Farming
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Agisimanto ...[at al], Dita; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Japansche citroen (JC) is popular citrus rootstock in Indonesia due to well-adapted to biotic and abioticstresses. JC is naturally rich of secondary metabolites. Therefore, cells production of JC through tissue culture is potential for continuous metabolites farming in local pharmaceutical industries. The objectives of study were to to determine the best initial cells density (ICD) in flask and air-lift bioreactor (ALB) cultures for mass cells proliferation and to determine the limonin content in cells. Callus was induced from nucellus and habituated callus were collected to initiate cell suspensions. Selected cells were transferred to flask and ALB cultures at the density of 2, 4, and 6 mg/ml for 90 days of culturing. An increasing ICD affected cell growth in flask and ALB cultures. Cells in flask culture grew slower and were produced lower in quantity than in ALB. At 4 mg/ml, growth rate (GR) of cells in flask culture at day 30 reached maximum of 4.12 mg/day, 87-folds lower than in ALB that reached 360 mg/day. Limonin at 120.725 μg/g dried cells (DW) were harvested from ALB within 30 days, while total phenolic was 9.883±0.471 mg GAE/g DW and total flavonoid was 0.144±0.011 mg QE/g DW. This study confirmed the advantages of cell culture as a perpetual source for production of biomass content metabolites that amenable lower operational cost compared to natural production for local industries.
Agroforensic, a New Emerging Study using Molecular Marker Technique
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Listanto...[at al], Edy; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Agroforensic will identify and solve the problem when one case such as genetic diversity of crops should be declared, and in other situation need some confirmation like as detection of genetic modified organism (GMO) on food product or agrobusiness. Identification of DNA fingerprinting in forensics can be presented as DNA pattern profile containing repetitive and varied sequences among the investigated individuals. Several PCR-based technologies have been used in such genetic analysis. This study was conducted based on SSR analysis and GMO detection using a total of 13 SSR markers and 2 specific primers, respectively. The SSR samples consisted of 4 samples of sticky rice, 3 samples of brown rice, 8 samples of white rice, and 2 samples of corn, while GMO detection was conducted on 3 samples of corn flour. The aims of this study were to determine the genetic validity between the tested samples compared to the local control rice based on SSR analysis, to confirm the similarity of corn samples based on SSR analysis, and to identify the GMO content of corn flour sample based on qualitative PCR. The results of SSR analysis on sticky rice, brown rice, and white rice showed that their DNA band patterns were different from the local controls. This result was also supported by NTSys analysis. The results of SSR analysis on corn samples indicated that there were different DNA banding pattern between the control and sample corn based on six SSR primers. The results of GMO detection showed that three samples of corn flour were negative. Agroforensic can be performed using SSR method based on PCR technique.
Characterization and Interrelationships of the Number of Vessel Bundles with Yield Components in Various Genotypes of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill)
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Karyawati, Anna S., Dyah P. Fitrawantio; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Soybean is the third most important source of vegetable protein and agricultural commodity in Indonesia. Physiological results of soybean crop are determined by the relationship source strength and sink capacity. Source is associated with assimilation of CO2, and sink is associated with a photo-assimilate allocated to storage or plant growth. Physiological characters of the number of vessels there is the xylem-phloem tissue cannot be separated but has different functions, so affect growth and yield of crops. Therefore, to increase productivity of soybeans it is necessary to examined the relationship between number of vessels and soybeans yield. The purpose of this study was to assess the diversity of vessels number and correlation of vessel number and yield in 36 genotypes of soybean. Research was conducted in the Agro Techno Park, University of Brawijaya, Jatikerto, Kromengan District, Malang Regency, East Java Province from March to June 2020. The research used randomized block design with three replications. The observation of vessel number was conducted in Plant Breeding Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Brawijaya. Data was analyzed using Scott-Knott's test facilitated by SASM-Agri application and the correlation analysis by OPSTAT application. The results showed that the number of vessels of soybean plants in the range of 10.5–17.5. Genotypes that have a large number of vessel bundles are genotypes Anjasmoro × Argopuro, Anjasmoro × UB2, Tanggamus × UB1, Tanggamus × UB2, Argopuro × Tanggamus, Argopuro × Grobogan, Argopuro × UB1, Argopuro × UB2, Grobogan × UB2, UB1 × Tanggamus, UB1 × UB2, Anjasmoro, Argopuro, and Tanggamus. Moreover, it was discovered that the number of vessels was positively correlated with plant heigh (r = 0.333) and negatively correlated with the number of empty pods (r = -0.365). Although, number pod empty pods had no significant effect on the various soybean genotypes.
Evaluation of Ratooning Ability in Several Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) Mutant Lines
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Lestari ..[at al], Endang Gati; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a multipurpose plant which can be grown for grain, forage, silage, syrup and/or sugar, and bioethanol production. Ratooning plant is an additional double ratooning scheme whereby the plant is harvested two or more times from a single planting during the growing season. The character of the main plant in the sorghum plant will determine the yield of the ratoon plant, however, information on the ratooning ability is lacking. The research objective was to determine the ratooning ability in the mutant lines of Numbu sorghum. The plant material consisted of 20 genotypes of the M6 mutant line which developed from gamma ray irradiation of Numbu variety. This research was arranged using completely randomized design which consisted of three replications with a cutting height of 10 cm. Each mutant line as a treatment was planted in a plot size of 3 m × 2.5 m, with 70 cm spacing between rows and a 25 cm spacing in row. The observation was conducted on plant height, stalk diameter, panicle weight, and length, and sugar content (brix) of the stalk sap. The results indicated that mutant lines were having more or similar values when compared to the main plant in plant height, stalk diameter, and sugar content of stalk sap. The mutant lines N17-2, N17-3, and N17-5 that have high ratooning ability which is a desirable trait, as it reduces overall inputs in terms of seed and labor for field preparation, will be further used in research concerning their utilization for feeds and the fermentation industry.
Screening and Evaluation of 100 Upland Rice Accessions for Developing High-Yielding Upland Rice Varieties Tolerant against Acid Soil
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Herlinaa, Lina, Yusi N. Andarini; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Screening and evaluation of 100 upland rice accessions were carried out to investigate the traits that contribute to high yield. This study also aimed to provide information of rice germplasm, especially upland rice, which have high yield and tolerance against acid soils (aluminium toxicity) for further breeding purposed. The research was conducted at the Cikeumeuh Experimental Station, ICABIOGRAD, Bogor, West Java Province and Taman Bogo Experimental Station, Lampung, Lampung Province using a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the total spikelet number was among traits indicating high correlation and significant contribution to total sample weight. The accession with the highest total weight was Padi Plastik (21013), while the one with the highest total spikelet was Ketan Hitam (Jatim 6). The evaluation of resistance to acid land obtained five tolerant accessions, namely Rumbu A (20535), Kmadha Kedhi (20747), Segreng (Jateng 13), Local A (Jateng 14), and Marus A (Jateng 18). Clustering of 100 upland rice has grouped the accessions into three clusters where the Ketan Putih rice (Jatim 44) was the accession with the most different characteristics of flowering age and total spikelet than the others. The results of this study might be used as a reference for developing upland rice varieties with high yield potential and tolerance to acid soil.
DNA Barcoding of Vatica bantamensis, a Critically Endangered Tree Endemic to Banten, Indonesia
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Hariri ...at al, Muhammad Rifqi; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Vatica bantamensis is a member of the family Dipterocarpaceae endemic to Ujung Kulon National Parks in Banten Province, Indonesia. It is classified as a critically endangered species by IUCN Red List. Under this category, the species is considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. The objectives of this study were to provide easy and accurate identification of V. bantamensis for the conservation and sustainable use of the species. In the present study, we conducted DNA barcoding of V. bantamensis using an rbcL marker. We used V. rassak as a comparison species since both species are morphologically closely related. A total of 606‒608 bp nucleotides have been successfully amplified and sequenced. The dendrogram constructed using the neighbor-joining method with Tamura 3-parameter showed that V. bantamensis used in this study were clustered together with V. rassak. These two species were separated clearly against other Vatica species and two outgroup species, namely Dryobalanops lanceolata and Shorea pinanga, obtained from the NCBI database. The rbcL sequence can discriminate V. bantamensis from V. rassak in six different sites (136, 507, 522, 565, 566, and 567). This study demonstrated that the rbcL sequence could authenticate the samples of V. bantamensis and support the correct identification of this endangered plant species.
Variation in Pod Shattering Resistance among Black Soybean Genotypes Associated with Agronomic Traits
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Krisnawatia ...[at al], Ayda; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Increasing the availability of the improved black soybean cultivars in Indonesia could be done by exploring the black soybean genotypes with high yield and pod shattering resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the pod shattering resistance of black soybeans associated with agronomic traits and to identify the best genotype based on multiple traits. A total of 16 black soybean genotypes was evaluated for their pod shattering resistance and agronomic performances. The field experiment was conducted in Madiun, East Java Province, Indonesia from July to October 2020, with four replications. Pod shattering evaluation used the oven-dry method. The identification of pod shattering using oven drying was effective to classify the shattering resistance of black soybean genotypes into resistant (5 genotypes), moderate (3 genotypes), susceptible (4 genotypes), and highly susceptible (4 genotypes). Seven genotypes yielded above the mean yield with a range of 10.13–12.51 g per plant, and three of them were resistant to pod shattering. Genotype by trait biplot indicated that seed yield per plant was positively correlated with days to maturity, plant height, number of nodes, number of branches, and number of pods. The G7 and G14 showed pod shatter resistance with the highest yield of 12.51 g and 12.07 g, respectively. These identified superior lines could be beneficial to increase black soybean yield productivity in Indonesia.
Current Status of Tidal Swamp Rice Varieties and Its Improvement for Fe Toxicity Tolerance and Biofortification
(Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian, 2022-01-19) Sabran ...[at al], Muhamad; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian
Abstract. Tidal swampland is now getting high priority in Indonesia agricultural development, in particular for rice production. Productivity of rice in swampland, both in tidal swamp and monotonous swamp is low compared to that in other agroecosystem due to adverse constraints, such iron toxicity, salinity, acidity, and flooding, as well as other constraints, such as socio-economic, culture, and infrastructures. Effort to increase rice productivity has been done through varietal improvement. Thirty-five swamp rice varieties have been released in the last twenty years. However, the adoption rates of those varieties are low and some varieties are rarely found in the field. Advances in biotechnologyprovide new tools for effective crop improvement in tidal swampland. Several rice varieties have been developed through molecular breeding approach. It is also possible to select rice lines using specific markers corresponding to OsIRT and OsFer2 genes that play a role in Fe2+ transport regulation and deposit in rice grain, respectively. This molecular breeding approach will not only improve rice tolerance to iron toxicity in marginal lands such as tidal swampland, but also iron biofortification of rice to mitigate iron deficiency in population that consume rice as staple food.

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