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- ItemIndonesian Maize Production and Trading for Feed(Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2013) Desianto B. Utomo, Ph.D.Indonesia’s GDP for the last five years were always beyond 6 percents with inflation about five percents. Along with other Asian countries Indonesia drives the future of world economic growth, which also means that poultry industry growth will be stable high. Indonesian per capita income is expected to exceed US$ 5,000 by 2015. This means plenty of growth potential for domestic poultry meat and egg consumption, considering the chicken consumption per capita is still much very low in comparison to other Asian countries. However, Indonesia has brought a big change in the lineup of world’s top egg producers from #14 in year 2000 became #7 in 2010. Poultry meat and egg consumption are continuously boosting due to its easiness to cook and broad acceptability, more affordable as the major protein sources. Feed industry has been growing in the last 10 years to a doubled volume now. Agro-feed consumption was 6.5 MMT in 2002 and predicted in 2012 will be 12.7 MMT, with over than 12% annual growth in the last three years. While Aqua-feed consumptions are 1.03; 1.10 and predicted (2012) 1.23 MMT with average 9% annual growth. The feed industry competitiveness are still depending on grains production and crop productivity, climate and cost, technology adoption (efficiency), industry structure, and also business environment. The feed cost structure is about 85-90 percents due to raw materials. Feedmills are spread out across the country in 10 provinces. There are 68 feedmills with total capacity is about 18.5 MMT, where 48 feedmills with about 70 percents of total production are located in the main Java island. About 90 percents of its total feed produced are poultry feeds, as corn-soy base diet; in the poultry formulation the use of corn and soybean are about 50 and 25 percents respectively. Regardless its high corn production for the last three years based on the government data, about 17 to 19 MMT, the country had been importing corn in the amounts of 1.9; 3.1 and estimated 1.8 MMT (2012). While imported corn in 2008 and 2009 were only 0.17 and 0.33 MMT coming from various country of origin: US, BRZ, ARG, IND, THAI, and MYAN. Actually, feed millers have no or little benefits by importing corn, besides not fresh and consuming current exchange, also uncertain quality (for some suppliers/traders), supply and arrival; even often are not at competitive prices. While supply and price of local corn are fluctuating a lot. This perhaps due to corn market information is not established, low productivity, lower production and un-reachable corn production area. Other problems faced by the corn farmers such as post-harvesting facility, sun-drying system, lack of warehouse and storage capacity, infrastructure, and immature market i.e. long and inefficient SCM (farmer-collector-traders-agentconsumer). This has led to another problem of the conversion of arable land use for other purposes which in turn may reduce the capacity of production. There are some possible solution can be offered: build more new corn producing centers well equipped with corn dryer and silo or bulk warehouse for storage (involving private sectors or PPP), establishing market information locally, and build better infrastructure including logistics (ports) and (road) transportation system. It is better to have new corn producing centers outside Java with the use of hybrid seed. In line with ‘two digits’ growing feed industry, corn will be persistently high demand.
- ItemSystems Modelling Approaches to the Sustainable Intensification of Agriculture(Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2013) Daniel RodriguezThe sustainable intensification of food production at both sides of the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) split face different though equally challenging and complex problems and opportunities, requiring new science and tools. In one case, the limited availability of resources (e.g. land, finance, labour), lack of access to input and product markets, infrastructure, constrain the opportunities and incentives smallholder farmers have to change and improve their production systems. On the other hand, farmers in the developed world are reaching the point where further improvement of their production systems becomes uneconomical, too risky (Sadras and Rodriguez 2010), or inconsistent with environmental outcomes. This is taking place in a world where the number of hungry people reached record levels in 2009. Despite a slight recovery in 2010, the number of hungry people remains far higher than the level that existed when a hunger-reduction target was agreed at the World Food Summit in 1996. Even though the challenges are significant we should be able to feed 9 billion people by 2050. Evidence for this can be found in the fact that over the last 50 years the increase in agricultural production fed an additional 4 billion people with only an 11% increase in land area. More recent examples of considerable transformations in food and fibre production can be found in the sustainable intensification of broad acre agriculture in Brazil; in the generation of incentives through the introduction of changes in land ownership in Vietnam; and in the introduction of smart subsidies on agricultural inputs in Malawi. Nowadays Brazil is leading the world as a global net food exporter; small-holder farmers from Vietnam are increasingly accessing international markets; and Malawi, one of the poorest countries in the world, exports maize to neighbouring countries. Even though small, these are significant examples of the potential from adopting the right technologies and policies required to generate incentives, opportunities and economic growth from agriculture. Reducing food insecurities and poverty around the globe will require a high level of pragmatism to identify best fit intervention that solve inefficiencies, close yield gaps, and sustainably increase farmers’ profits, on nearly the same area of land, and (mostly) using farmers’ own resources (Rodriguez and Sadras 2011). In this paper we propose that high farm productivity is the result of the best combination of management variables that influence the yield of individual crops in individual fields, and the way limited resources e.g. labour, land, finances, are allocated across enterprises and fields at the whole-farm level (Rodriguez et al. 2009 and 2011; Power et al. 2011). Here, we also propose that irrespective of the intensity and scale of the production system, the design of more productive, profitable and sustainable farming systems, will require more integrative approaches based on basic crop eco-physiological principles, that account for local constraints on resources, socio-economic, and value chain factors.
- ItemNutritionally Enhanced Maize and its Importance in the Developing Countries(Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2013) S.K.VasalImproving nutritional quality of cereals is a noble goal as it benefits hundreds of millions of producers and consumers directly without changing their food habit. Research experience on most crops so far has been disappointing and the success stories limited.In maize, the situation is different as CIMMYT researchers were able to exploit high lysine mutants successfully to develop nutritionally enhanced maize now referred to as Quality Protein Maize (QPM). Maize being a leading crop, contributes significantly to the world’s food basket of roughly 2000 million tons every year. Unfortunately, maize has high prolamine content, and is deficient in essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan, thus making it poor in nutritional quality. Biochemists had demonstrated this fact almost hundred years ago.The discovery of high lysine mutants, opaque-2 and floury -2 by Purdue group in mid-sixties spurred enthusiasm and hope to elevate levels of lysine and tryptophan to almost double over what is encountered in normal maize.Conversion programs were initiated worldwide to obtain original soft opaque-2 versions of normal counterpart varieties and hybrids. Testing of such materials exposed a series of problems including poor agronomic performance in yield, unacceptable kernel texture, slower drying following physiological maturity and more vulnerable to ear rots and stored grain pests. As a result pessimism started growing, funding kept on declining and many institutions either completely abandoned their research work or reduced it substantially. Only in a few institutions, momentum continued as usual. Exploratory research on many different approaches was tried at CIMMYT to find a single approach or strategy that will overcome negative association of Opaque-2 gene with other undesirable traits. A combined approach of two genetic systems involving opaque-2 gene and genetic modifiers of opaque-2 locus appeared to be a viable approach. Chance events and a few other factors further enhanced confidence in this approach. A huge volume of QPM germplasm were developed which had a competitive yield performance, acceptable kernel phenotype and free from other undesirable effects.Over the past two decades or so many countries have released QPM varieties and synthetics and the trend now is to release hybrids. Some countries in recent years have released QPM single cross hybrids. Efforts are underway to develop super QPM combining high –oil and some micronutrients such as Fe, Zinc and pro-vitamin A. It is important to mention that maize is a gifted crop and has many competitive technologies which can as well be deployed in QPM research. QPM will certainly play an important role in human nutrition and to correct prevailing problems of Kwashiorkor and pellagra in some developing counties where maize is a staple food. Projected future needs for livestock and use of maize as feed holds a bright future for QPM from the standpoint of better feed ratio and reduced use of high priced supplements. These developments pose numerous challenges for future QPM research.
- ItemMaize in the Developing World: Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities(Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2013) BM PrasannaMaize is the basis for food security in some of the world’s poorest regions in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Together with rice and wheat, maize provides at least 30% of the food calories of more than 4.5 billion people in 94 developing countries. They include 900 million consumers with incomes of less than US$ 2 per day for whom maize is the preferred staple. Globally, 765 million metric tons of maize was harvested in 2010 from just less than 153 million hectares. About 73 per cent of this area was located in the developing world, with again a predominant proportion of this area in the low and lower middle income countries. Maize is currently produced on nearly 100 million hectares in 125 developing countries and is among the three most widely grown crops in 75 of those countries. The crop provides over 20% of total calories in human diets in 21 countries, and over 30% in 12 countries that are home to a total of more than 310 million people. Production of maize, especially in the tropical regions, is affected by a number of constraints, including an array of abiotic and biotic stresses, poor soil fertility, lack of access to key inputs (especially quality seed and fertilizers), low levels of mechanization, and poor post-harvest management. The result: maize yields in many of the sub-Saharan African countries, where maize is the most important staple food, are often extremely low, averaging approximately 1.5 tons per hectare—about 20% of the average yield in developed countries — and yields in several Asian countries are still below 3 tons per hectare. In addition, one-third of all malnourished children are found in systems where maize is among the top three crops.
- ItemMaize for Food, Feed and Fuel in Indonesia: Challenges and Opportunity(Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pertanian, 2013) HaryonoMaize is an important staple food in many countries and the productionof maize in the world have been increasing steadily. Maize has a wide variety of usages, ranging from food and feed to industrial products, and more recently, as an alternate fuel. The areaplanted with maize is continuously increasing over the years. During 2009-2010 global maize production was 817 million tons,and in2011-2012, global maize production reached its high of 873 million tones.The variations in productivity are due to many factors, including weather pattern during the crop growth, pests and diseases, technological practices andimproved hybridvarieties planted by growers. The global supply and demand of maize is influenced mainly by the US, which has the largest harvested area and the highest grain production. China, Brazil, Mexico, Indiaand Indonesiacontribute significantly to the world harvested area. These six countries contributemore than70% of theworld corn production. The global maize demands are influenced by the major usage patternsin the US, namely for edible oil, feed, and for ethanol production. Biofuels derived from maize grain had gainedinterest worldwide, due to the concern over unrenewable fossil source energy. Ethanol accounted for over 6% share in the USenergy consumption in 2000-2001 and rose to over 40% in 2011-2012. On the other hand, the share for feed was declining. The diversion of maize usage from food and feed to ethanol production would then pushed price higher.