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Kemajuan Teknik Deteksi dan Identifikasi Pseudomonas solanacearum
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1996) Suryadi ...[at al], Yadi; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Y. Suryadi and M. Machmud. 1996. Progress on Detection and Identification of Pseudo monas solanacearum. Buletin AgroB/o 1(1): 11-17. Bacterial wilt caused by P. Solanacearum is a serious disease on various crops. The difficulties in the disease control is due to genetic variability of the pathogen. In the past few years, detection and identification of P. Solanacearum which was based on host ranges and physiological/ biochemical characteristics, resulted in five races and five biovars. The classification was not satisfactorily accepted. It is necessary to develop early, rapid, and accurate disease detection techniques amenable for analysis of genetic variability of the pathogen. This paper overviewed progress on P. solanacearum detection based on physiological and biochemical characteristics, such as the use of Bactid, Biolog, fatty acid profiles, and protein profiles. In addition new approaches on molecular P. solanacearum detection through DNA fingerprinting i.e., RFLP, RAPD, ribotyping, substractive hybridization and PCR were also described. Future prospect on the application of these techniques in Indonesia is mentioned.
Jamur Patogen Serangga: Potensi, Kendala, dan Strategi Pengembangannya sebagai Agen Pengendali Biologi Werengbatang Coklat
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1996) Priyatno ...[at al], T. P.; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Priyatno, T. P. dan M. K. Kardin. 1998. Entomopathogenk fungi: Potency, Problem, and It's Oeveloptment Strategy as Biocontrol Agents for Brown Planthopper. Buldin AgroBio 1(1): 1-10. Brown pianthopper (BPH) is one of the Important insect pests in Indonesia. Various control measures such as synchronized planting, resistant varieties, and pesticide application have been recommended, however, outbreak and losses due to the development of new biotypes has not been controlled satisfactorily. In addition, buprofezin, the only recommended insecticide to control the BPH has been suggested to be toxic to shrimp culture. Therefore, alternatives control meas ures of BPH are needeed. Fungal pathogen of insect is one of the BPH natural enemies that has been suggested as one of the alternatives to control the BPH. Prelimenary researches on this subject have been conducted, but further studies to asses die effectivenes under field conditions and the compatibility with other control measure have to be verified. The lack of experience and expertise in basic techniques for exploiting fungal pathogens of insect as a biocontrol agent of the BPH is still a bottle neck in developing a new and e^^ective microbe pesticide to control the BPH. A holistic approach based on a good understanding on biology of potential natural enemies is very importan for developing new and effective microbe pesticides.
Penyakit Hawar Daun Bakteri pada Padi Sawah: Masalah dan Pemecahannya
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1996) Hifni, H. R. ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
AHBifSnTi,R HA.C RT., S. Mihardja, E. Soetarwo, Yusida, dan M. K. Kardin. 1996. Bacterial Leaf Blight Disease of Rice: Problems and Prospects of Disease Control Using Resistant Varieties. Buletin AgroB/o 1(1) 19-23. Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (XOO) is one of the most important diseases of lowland rice in Indonesia and in other rice growing countries. At present, the recommended control measures of BLB in Indonesia are by growing resistant rice varieties and by avoiding excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer. The presence of variation of virulence among XOO isolates, however, becomes a limitting factor in controlling BLB using resistant varieties. Using Kozaka's system of XOO classification, at least 11 strain of XOO have been identified in Indonesia. In 1970s, strain III of XOO were the most dominant strain in Indonesia, so that this strain was extensively used in our breeding program to select new high yielding rice varieties which are resistant to BLB. Recent studies suggested that strain IV, the most virulent strain of XOO in Indonesia, was found to dominate the XOO population. IRRI isogenic lines possessing the xa-5, Xa-7, and Xa-21 resistant genes, and several local varieties with unknown resistant gene(s) are still effective against strain IV, so that the resistant genes found in these lines/varieties have been recommended to be incorporated in our rice breeding program in a multi-lines fashion. A small fraction of XOO population from West Java has been identified to have the capability to overcome all known resistant genes to XOO. Therefore, pyramiding of xa-5, Xa-7, and Xa-21 in a single genetic background is not recommended, since it will enhance the population build-up of this XOO population. The prospect of using advanced molecular techniques to control BLB is briefly discussed.
Rekayasa Genetik untuk Perbaikan Tanaman
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1996) Herman, M.; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Herman, M. 1996. Genetic Engineering for Crop Improvement^. Buletin AgriSfo 1(1): 24- 34. Plant breeders and genetic engineers share the common goal of plant improvement. While plant breeders conventionally use selective breeding for varietal enhancement, genetic engineers continue to develop techniques for the isolation and insertion of genes for desirable traits. Several steps using both cellular and molecular biology techniques are involved in producing a genetically engineered plant. Plant tissue culture is the foundation of plant genetic engineering in higher plants. The capacity to transform plants with desired genes is determined by the ability to effi ciently regenerate them from transformed cells or tissues. Several commonly used methods for the transfer of DNA are Agrobactarium mediated genetic transformation or introduced to the plants di rectly through either the use of particle bombardment or the use of electroporation. Several genes of use for crop improvements through genetic engineering are genes for resistance to biotic and abiotic stress: Bt and proteinase inhibitor genes (insect resistance); chitinase gene (fungi resistance); phosphinothricin acetyi transferase gene (herbicide resistance); metallothionen-ll (heavy metal). Modified product quality genes are chalcone synthase gene (flower pigments) and polygalacturonase gene (delayed fruit ripening).
Penyakit Hawar Pelepah Daun Padi (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn): Permasalahan dan Prospek Pengendaliannya di Indonesia
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Purwanti ...[at al], Haeni; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Sheath Blight Disease of Rice (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn): Problems and Prospects of Various Disease Control Measures in Indonesia. H. Punvanti, M.K. Kardin, A. Nasution, and Sutoyo. Sheath blight caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is one of the most important diseases of rice in Indonesia. Damage increases due to the wide spread cultivation of modern high yielding rice varieties which are susceptible to the pathogen and the adoption of new technologies such as close spacing and high application of nitrogen fertilizer, which are suitable for the development of the disease. So far, no resistant rice variety is available. Biological control using antagonistic microbes has been explored, although still at green house and limited field experiments. Sanitation and proper use of nitrogen fertilizer are recommended to minimize damage by sheath blight disease. Several fungicides are effective to control the pathogen, but due to the environment concerns and low economic value of rice, chemical control should be used as the last resort, in the future, cultivation of transgenic plants inserted with chitinase gene(s) might help to improve disease management of sheath blight of rice.
Peranan Penelitian Biosistematika untuk Program Pengendalian Hama dan Pengembangan Penelitian Biomolekuler
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Siwi, SS. ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Role of Insect Biosystematic Research in Pest Management Program. S.S. Siwi, A. Iqbal, D. Damayanti, and Trisnaningsih. Central Research Institute for Food Crops have a systematic collection served as an insect species data bank of pest, natural enemy, and benevicial insects. This collection can be used as a comparative material of species identification, distributions, source of biodiversity, and illustration material for training and other users. Up to 1994, the number of collected insect species are 5,000 species consisted of 9 order from 134 family and thousands of unidentified speciments. During the last decade, Intregated Pest Management (IPM) was developed and was implemented in Indonesia based on bioecology knowledge of insect pest and its natural enemy and environment factors. Therefore biosystematic science on IPM is very important to be developed. Computerized data base is important informations that consists of species level, genetic, ecosystem, characteristic, and adaptation capability on the environment. The informations can be used as a basic data for decision makers and planers on deciding pest management and developing a concept of environmental adaption and an evolution history of the insect.
Perbaikan Varietas Kacang Tanah
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Rais, Sri Astuti; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Improvement of Groundnut Varieties. S.A. Rais. The demand of groundnut is increasing due to the development of home industry and population growth. The superior high yielding varieties will able to increase farmers income. In general there are two kind of groundnut planted namely lowland after rice and dryland. In dryland it can be monoculture or multiple cropping. The main problem for both area are leaf spot and rust deseases, while in dryland water insufficient and weed as well. The competition of light intensity and nutrient would be happened in multiple cropping system. The field experiment of 10-20 breeding lines had been done in several location (West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, and Lampung) with randomized block design and 3 replications, since 1986. The experiment resulted that 4 breeding lines was good for lowland after rice, 1 line was good for dryland, 2 varieties and 1 breeding line was good for multiple cropping. During the periode of 1983-1993 the institute had been released 15 superior varieties of groundnut.
Pemuliaan Kedelai untuk Toleran Naungan dan Tumpangsari
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Asadi ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Soybean Breeding for Shading Tolerance and Intercropping. Asadi, DM. Arsyad, H. Zahara, and Darmijati. Soybean growth under intercrop is usually supressed due to competetion with the taller crops for light, nutrients and water. Therefore under intercrop with the taller crops such as corn, cassava, soybean yield is usually lower compared to monoculture crops. At 33% shading intensity or intercropping with com, yield reduction of soybean could be 30-50%. High yield variability of soybean genotype under shading and intercropping, give high opportunity to conduct breeding program for developing improved varieties with tolerance to shading and intercropping. Research Institute for Food Crop Biotechnology (formerly Bogor Research Institute for Food Crops) has developed soybean varieties that tolerance to shading and suitable to intercrop with corn. Based on evaluation of soybean germplasm, B8306-4-4 genotype was indentified as a gene resource for shading tolerance and intercropping with corn. Yield evaluation of B8306-4-4 genotype along with some other genotypes at different locations and seasons under monoculture and intercropping with corn, indicated that B83O6-4-4 genotype was most promising. This genotype was released as recomended variety, named Pangrango.
Perbaikan Teknik Budi Daya Tanaman Kedelai
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Sunarlim, Novianti; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Improvement of Soybean Cultural Practices. N. Sunarlim. Cultural practices of soybeans in lowland and upland areas have differencies and similarities. Soil tillage was not needed in lowland areas, in contrast in upland areas, soil tillage was still needed although in some places minimum tillage was better. In acid soils, liming at the rate of 1,0 -1,5 x exchangeable Aluminum gave high yield. Until now, there are 25 released soybean varieties available and the choice depends on soil type, cropping system, and seasons. In upland areas, the best planting method was dibble. In lowland areas where the soil was too wet dibble method was not recommended, putting the seeds in the soil surface was better. The optimum population to grow soybean was 500,000 plants/ha. Using rice straw as a mulch at planting reduce population of weeds, losses of water from the soil and plants damage by beanfly. Inoculation with Rhizobium in the areas where previously soybean has never grown was recommended. The application of P and K fertilizers at the low rate was still needed when soybean was planted after rice in lowland, however, in acid upland the rate was higher. The effect of foliar spray fertilizer on soybeans was not consistent depended on soil type, season, and nutrient content in the fertilizer. Similary, the effect of growth hormone depended on type of hormone, concentration, time, and rate of application, also on soil type, season, and soybean variety. Planting soybean in upland areas, usually intercropped with other plants such as corn and sorghum. If the soybean was 20% shaded, the grain yield was not affected, but if shading was 50%. the grain yield decreased by 42%. Line of Lamp/1248-4-4 was the best line to use in intercropping because the decrease of yield was the fewest when it was shaded by artifial shading or corn. Beanfly which attacked young soybean plants was controlled by using mulch, tolerant varieties or insecticide application. Since there was no tolerant variety to pod insects, therefore, the used insecticides to control pod insects is still suitable. Another recommended method was using trap crops such as mungbean or corn.
Metode Kuantifikasi Peubah Biometrik Tanaman Pangan
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1997) Sutoro; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Quantification Methods of Biometrical Plants Characters. Sutoro. Observation on characters consume much time and cost, especially in the research involving many unit of experiments. Therefore, quantification of plant characters method reducing time and cost necessary to be studied. Leaf area of corn at the flowering stage under optimum condition could be estimated by Y = 4.1844 (PxL)6 for plant with 8 leaves, Y = 5.0390 (PxL)5 for plant with 9 leaves, Y = 5.4416 (PxL)6 for plant with 10 leaves, Y = 6.3911 (PxL)7 for plant with 11 leaves, Y = 6.7134 (PxL)7 for plant with 12 leaves, Y = 6.7892 (PxL)e for plant with 13 leaves, Y = 7.1198 (PxL)9 for plant with 14 leaves, Y = 7.7282 (PxL)9 for plant with 15 leaves, (PxL), = leaf length x width at i-position (flag leaf = first position). Leaf area estimation on cassava by using Y = 0.8077 (PxLxn)08946 where PxLxn = product of maximum leaf length, width and number of lobe. Estimation of leaf area on sweet potato Y = 0.8 (PxL) for heart type's leaf, P = leaf length and L = maximum width, while star type's leaf by using Y = 0.47(PxL)11 P = leaf length and L = leaf width at the middle part. Leaf area estimation of soybean is Y = 2.1368 (PxL)09737 PxL = leaf length x maximum width of terminal leaf of trifoliate. Leaf area of mungbean is Y = 2.0235 (PxL)0'9 , PxL = leaf length x width of terminal leaf. Leaf area of peanut could be estimated by using leaf length (P) and maximum width (L) of left or right side on lower part of tetrafoliate by using formula Y = 4.1553 (PxL)094. Missing hills on soybean up to 15% under optimum condition doesn't effect to the grain yield. Corn plant which existing more than 5% of missing hills will effect to the grain yield. Image analysis could be used to quantified of morphological plant characters accurately.
Menuju Kesamaan Persepsi Terhadap Taksonomi Bakteri Pseudomonas solanacearum (SMITH 1896) SMITH 1914
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Machmud, Muhammad; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Towards a Unified View on Taxonomy of P. solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith 1914. M. Machmud. P. solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen, is a complex and heterogeneous species. Studies have proven that the bacterium is composed of a number of different strains differing in host range, colony morphology, physiology and biochemistry, fatty acid and membrane proteins profiles, phage susceptibility, serological reactions. Because of complexity of the species, control of the disease has not been very successful. Two popular schemes are currently used in grouping of the bacterial isolates, i.e. race and biovar groupings. Each of the schemes is an attempt to establish meaningful categories on the basis of phenotypic characters. However, there seems to be no correlation between the race and the biovar groupings, this is because the race system is based on ecological categories (host ranges), while the biovar grouping is based on phenotypic characters. Bacterial wilt scientists have put many efforts to study various aspects related to taxonomy of the pathogen. In the past decade, with the advancement of DNA technology, scientists have used molecular genetic techniques such as whole genome analysis, finger printing techniques and PCR to study systematic and phytogeny of the bacterium. This paper is a brief review on various works on molecular techniques that have been done by scientists to unify view on taxonomy of P. solanacearum.
Pengembangan Uji Toksisitas Kristal Protein Bacillus thuringiensis dengan Brush Border Membrane Vesicle
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Priyatno, Tri Fuji; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Use of Brush Border Membrane Visicle (BBMV) for Identification of Bt Crystal Protein Toxicity. T.P. Priyatno. Control of insect pest that live inside plant tissues is difficult. Development of transgenic plants carrying Bacillus thuringiensis (BQ genes for production of crystal protein is an alternative for effective control of these pests. The Bf genes that encode for production of toxic crystal protein is called the cry genes. Prior to transfering the genes to the target plant, they need to be identified and isolated from virulent Bf strains. For this purpose it needs an effective, efficient, and accurate technique. Toxicity test of Sf crystal protein by insect feeding is not effective for insect that live in plant tissues. A technique using brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) isolated from epithelial cell membrane of an insect midgut could be used for this purpose. An active-Sf toxin is supposed to bind to a specific receptor located in the luminal plasmal membrane of the insect's midgut columnar epithelial cells. There is a positive correlation between binding affinity or number of binding sites and toxicity to the insect. BBMV that contain specific receptor need to bind the toxin. The BBMV technique could be done in vitro, therefore it supposed to be effective, efficient, and accurate. This technique can also be used for detection of insect resistance to Sf crystal protein. Development of an effective and efficient diagnostic kit for selection of virulent Bf strains and detection of insect resistance to Sf crystal protein is therefore necessary.
Hama Wereng Coklat Padi: Perkembangan Biotipe, Mekanisme dan Genetika Ketahanan Varietas
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Somantri, Ida Hanarida; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Rice Brown Planthopper: It's Biotype Development and Genetics and Mechanism of Plant Resistance. I.H. Somantri. Brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens Stal., is one of the major insect pests of rice in Indonesia. The insect has the capability to change and form new biotypes. Population of the insect in the field is therefore very dynamic and continuously changing. Factor such as use of narrow variation in monogenic resistance gene, use of susceptible varieties, continuous rice planting, availability of alternative host plants, over dosage nitrogen fertilizer application, and misuse of insecticides have contributed to development of new biotypes. At present the resistance to brown planthopper in rice are known to be controlled by either mono or oligogenic resistance genes. More researches are needed to identify the presence of polygenic resistance genes that can be utilize in breeding of rice for resistance to the brown planthopper.
Status Plasma Nutfah Padi di Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1991-1998
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Silitonga, Tiur Sudiaty; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Rice Germplaons Collection at the Research Institute for Food Crop Biotechnology, 1991-1998. T.S. Silitonga. Rice germplasms are national assets that need to be well maintaned and conserved, because it plays an important role as a source of genes in breeding program for rice improvement. This is because improvement of rice varieties for high yield and quality as well as for adaptability to different agroecosystem is always faced with various biotic and abiotic constraints (factors). The use of high yielding, improved varieties is a major support in sustaining selfsufficiency for rice. Rapid spread of high yielding varieties has caused reduction in areas grown with local varieties. Now days, high yielding rice varieties has occupied more than 80% of the rice growing areas. This has resulted in genetic erosion on a number of local varieties that are adapted to specific agroecological condition. For this purpose, new rice germplasms need to be collected and conceived regurarly to prevent from extinction. The rice germplasms consisted of local, improved varieties, elite lines, wild relatives of rice, and introduction. At present RIFCB has 2.925 rice germplasm collection. Some of them have been evaluated and characterized for resistance to pest and diseases, tolerance to environmental conditions, as well as grain and cooking quality. Due to the close relationship between germplasms collection, breeding program, and biotechnology in modem agricultural development, rice germplasm programs is arranged according to the requirement of breeding program and agricultural development. To be more effective and efficient in conducting research development of food germplasm, it is necessary to conduct working mechanism and good coordination system nationally.
Hara N, Efisiensi Penggunaan dan Dinamikanya dalam Sistem Padi Sawah
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Roechan ...[at al], Sismiyati; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Nitrogen: It's Dynamics and Utilization Efficiency in Lowland Rice Systems. Sismiyati R., I. Nasution, and A.K. Makarim. Large amount of nitrogen losses due to improper nitrogen fertilizer application is a major problem in rice production. Efficient fertilizer application technology needs to be practiced by farmers. Understanding on nutrient dynamics is important in formulating techniques for increasing efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Technology to optimize nitrogen efficiency has been developed. Previous studies indicated that the best times for nitrogen application to rice plants were at early fast growing stage and at primordial initiation stage. If nitrogen concents in plants at these plant stages are optimal, it is expected that rice yield will be high. Application of N fertilizer in a slow released form is more beneficial economically and ecologically than the normal form. For example, application of tablet urea as a slow released form needs specific equipments and accomodation support systems. Therefore, the farmers' knowledge and skill on the new technology need to be improved. On the other hand, soil properties such as soil texture, cation exchange capacity, as well as organic C and N contents of the soil need to be considered in effort to increase N fertilizer utilization.
Bioekologi dan Pengendalian Penggerek Polong Etiella spp.
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Harnoto; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Ecobiology and Control of Soybean Pod Borer Etiella spp. Hamoto. Pod borer caused by Etiella spp. is one of the most important pests of soybean in Indonesia, because it causes reduction in soybean yield both qualitatively and quantitatively. Two species of pod borers were found on soybean, i.e.. Etiella zinckenella Treitschke and E. hobsoni Butler. These two insects and damages they caused are difficult to distinguish, since they are quite similar to each other. They could be distinguised only by identification of morphological characteristics of the insect at each stage of their life cycles. In the laboratory, both pod borer species feed on pods of various legumes, while in the field they attack only few legume species. Approach to control this pest may be done by integration of different pest control components including crop rotation, crop sanitation from wildhost plants, varietal resistance, as well as use of parasitoid and recommended insecticides. Tnchogrammatoidea bactrae-bactrae seems to be a good parasitoid to control the pest, but more field trials need to be done to clarify further for its efficacy and economic value.
Validasi Metode Analisis Kimia
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1999) Hidayat, Ahmad; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Validation Technique for Methods of Chemical Analysis. A. HidayaL Recently, validation of methods for chemical analysis that has been introduced more than a decade ago has increasingly become important in the globalization era. In order that results of chemical analysis from a certain laboratory recognized and well accepted by other laboratories, the method for chemical analysis need to be validated. An analytical method is valid when it has been validated according to the accepted procedure. This paper explains briefly objectives, importance, and procedures for valida tion of the method. A case study on validation of methods for plant analysis at Plant and Soil Labo ratory of the Research Institute for Food Crop Biotechnology is given as an example. Parameters to be evaluated were precision (repeatability and reproducibility), accuracy, sensitivity, linearity range of the standard solutions, correlation coefficient of the standard solutions, degree of recovery, quality control chart of repetitive analysis, and comparison with results from other laboratories. Generally, results from laboratory analysis of our laboratory showed good performances and In good agreement with those from other laboratories.
Enzim Selulase dari Trichoderma spp
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1999) Salma ...[at at], Selly; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Cellulase Enzymes Produced by Trichoderma spp. S. Salma and L. Gunarto. Cellulase produced by cellulolytic microbes grown on a cellulose culture medium are usually consists of three different enzymes, i. e., cellobiose hydrolase (CBH), endo-(-1,4-glucanase (EG), and (-glucosidase. These enzymes work together synergistically in cellulose hydrolysis. Trichoderma is a genus of cellulolytic fungi capable of excreting the three-cellulase components. Trichoderma harzlanum, T. hamatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii are members of Trichoderma spp. that are commonly found in Indonesia, while T. piluliferum and T. aureoviride are very rare. Cellulolytic activity of the enzymes was increased when the substrate contained delignified rice straw. CBH produced by Trichoderma spp. were the lowest among the three enzyme components on both delignified and non-delignified rice straw media.
Aspek Industri Sistem Kultivasi Sel Mikroalga Imobil
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1999) Kurniawan ...[at al], Hakim; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Industrial Aspects of System for Mass Production of Immobilized Microalgae. H. Kurniawan and L. Gunarto. Microalgae mass cultivation process has become an interesting issue these days due to the beneficial values and industrial application of these microorganisms. Products of microalgae have been very useful to human needs in various forms, such as food stuffs (essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins, and food colors), enzymes (proteases, phosphogiyceric kinases, amino acid oxidases, superoxide dismutases, and restriction endonucieases) as well as pharmaceutical and therapeutically agents (antibiotics, anticancer, antiviral, toxins, inhibitory enzymes, and hypocholesterolemic effects). Currently, mass production of microalgae is being done through heterotrophic and photoheterotrophic cultures either outdoors on ponds or indoor using both enclosed bioreactors and photobioreactors. These techniques could be improved by the application of biotechnology, such as use of cell immobilization technique. This technique could improve productivity of the micoalgae mass production system.
Peranan dan Potensi Dietary Insecticidal Protein dalam Rekayasa Genetika Tanaman Tahan Hama
(Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 2000) Amirhusin, Bahagiawati; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Role and Potential Use of Dietary Insecticide Protein in Genetic Engineering of Insect Plant Resistance. Bahagiawati Amirhusin. Plant genetic engineering offers opportunities for creation of insect resistant plants through insertion and expression of insecticide proteins in plants. Since mid 1980's more than 10 plant species have been engineered for resistance to specific target insects. The gene product of most genes used in this program affecting insect growth by impairment of the insect's digestion system. Examples of the insecticide dietary proteins are Bt-endotoxins, proteinase inhibitors, and lectins (carbohydrate binding proteins). This review discusses the mode of action of some dietary insecticidal proteins used in plant genetic engineering for insect resistance their prospects.

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