Information System and Exchanges of Genetic Resources for Effective Crop Improvement

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Genome editing for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) current status and future prospects
(IAARD Press, 2020) Douches ...[at al], D S; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Genome editing has revolutionized crop improvement. For a heterozygous tetraploid and vegetatively propagated crop such as cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum ssp. tuberosum L. (2n = 4x = 48), gene editing presents tremendous opportunities for trait improvement. In potato, traits such as improving cold storage and processing, herbicide tolerance, self-compatibility and modified starch quality have been targeted utilizing CRISPR/Cas9 and TALENs reagents in diploid and tetraploid clones. In our research program, we have used gene editing to modify herbicide resistance, overcome self-incompatibility in diploid potatoes, and assess off-target effect of the gene editing reagents. The potential to generate transgene-free plants via genome editing coupled with a recently streamlined regulatory route by the US Department of Agriculture for plants engineered by this technology, crops with genomic resources, and established genetic transformation and regeneration procedures such as potato are in-line to benefit from the and delivery mechanisms applicable to various crop species with a focus on potato, a global food security crop, providing insight into current advances, challenges and future prospects of utilizing genome editing for trait improvement.
The problems of ex situ genetic conservation at the universities in developing countries: lesson learn from Universitas Gadjah Mada
(IAARD Press, 2020) Taryono ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Agriculture faces enormous challenges for providing sufficient food, feed and fuel raw materials for a growing global population. In the case of food, for instance, global food production must always increase to meet the projection of continuously increase of global food demand. The future challenges of food supply and demand can be addressed by diversification of food sources, introducing high yielding cultivars and improving culture techniques. Food sources can be diversified by collection and evaluation of genetic resources for nutritive values. In contrast, new varieties can be developed through breeding activities that also require genetic resource as genetic material. Genetic resources spread around the world, and to optimally utilize, genetic resource must be explored and conserved both by in situ and ex situ approaches. The genetic resource exploration through missions requires proper preparation including human resources, logistics and time allocations. Universitas Gadjah Mada (UGM) as a higher education institution has three big university missions, i.e. education, research and community service through student involvement. These three missions through student involvement have been applied to conduct the genetics resource exploration and ex situ conservation. The course of genetic resource collection and management has been introduced at different faculties, and because community service at the rural area for two-month times is compulsory for the student, UGM makes use of student to carry out genetic resource exploration and collection. The student must collect the passport data for the genetic resources and send the data to the Agriculture Innovation Center (AIC). In case that seed of genetic material can be found, student must collect also seeds and send to AIC for ex situ conservation. Based on UGM experience, ex situ conservation, especially seed genebank, faced sustainability problem due to insufficient human and funding resources. UGM integrates some approaches such as crop focusing, networking, student involvement in the characterization and evaluation, and breeding activities to solve such problems.
The performance of growth and yield component of soybean varieties in Margodadi village, Ambarawa sub-district, Pringsewu regency, Lampung province, Indonesia
(IAARD Press, 2020) Mustikawati D R. ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Efforts to increase soybean production require superior varieties which are stable in every agroecology production center. Therefore, it is necessary to perform field evaluation of several new released soybean varieties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth and yield potential of soybean varieties developed by Indonesian Legume and Tuber Crops Research Institute (ILETRI) Malang in a field experiment. Four soybean varieties (Devon 1, Dering 1, Gema and Gepak Kuning) were sown in Margodadi Village, Ambarawa Sub-district, Pringsewu Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia from May to August 2017. Plots were arranged in randomized complete block design with six replicates. The variables observed were crop emergence at 7 DAS sowing, plant height and number of pods at harvest, pest attack on 1- month-old plants and at harvest, and seed yield. The results showed that Gepak Kuning gave the highest yield (2.13 t/ha), which indicated that this variety is suitable to be planted and developed in the location of the study.
Characterization of 337 exon-based single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to the Indonesian soybean varieties
(IAARD Press, 2020) Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Genome resequencing of five Indonesian soybean varieties resulted in a total of 2,597,286 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 257,598 insertions, and 202,157 deletions. Out of those SNPs, only 95,207 (2.15%) were located in the protein-coding region (exon). The objective of this study was to characterize 337 exon-based SNPs unique to the Indonesian soybean varieties. The study was conducted by taking SNP samples located in the exons using criteria of gene fragments containing the SNPs that were sequenced at least five times within each of the soybean varieties. Out of 95,154 gene-based SNPs detected, only 337 SNPs met the criteria. Each of the soybean varieties was genotyped with the 337 SNP loci, and the genotypic data were scored and analyzed. Results showed that 59 SNPs were common to all five soybean genotypes. A total of 43, 41, 25, 32 and 28 SNPs loci were unique to soybean genotype Davros, Grobogan, Malabar, Tambora and B3293, respectively. These unique SNPs can function as DNA fingerprints for each variety. Out of 59 common SNPs, 24 SNPs were mutations that change the amino acid sequence of the encoded proteins. These genes with amino acid change may have high economic values such as those controlling soybean adaptation in tropical climate, photoperiod insensitivity, disease and insect resistance genes. Expression analyses of the genes with amino acid change showed variation in the expression pattern across different soybean tissues. Functional genomic analysis is necessary to isolate genes useful for breeding purposes.
Genetic diversity of local red rice cultivars collections of Yogyakarta AIAT, Indonesia based on morphological character
(IAARD Press, 2020) Kristamtini ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Identification of local red rice was important to study for genetic diversity. The objective of the study was to identify the morphological characteristics to estime the genetic diversity and heritability in the broad sense of 11 local red rice cultivars. The quantitative data (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, number of productive tillers, panicle length, 1,000-grain weight and number of grain per panicle) were measured by their CVg values for determining their relationships and heritability. The results can be used for parent selection in a breeding program. Results showed that the number of productive tillers, leaf length and the number of grain content per panicle for 11 local red rice from Yogyakarta were efficient and effective characters in selection because the characters have wide of the coefficient of variation genetics and high heritability value.
Screening genetic resources of local accessions of Capsicum originated from East Java
(IAARD Press, 2020) Purnomo S. ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Inventory and collection of local chili varieties in production centers in East Java had been carried out in the period 2013–2015 by East Java Assessment Institute for Agricultural Technology (AIAT). A total of 143 accessions of five chili species (Capsicum annuum L., C. frutescens L., C. chinense Jacq., C. baccatum L. and C. pubescens L) was collected from eight chili production centers in East Java and has been maintained by East Java AIAT. A set of 85 local chili accessions was selected and evaluated for agronomic performance and biochemical compounds. Among the five species, C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L. dominated the distribution of chili species in East Java. The other three species were still found in some spots of farm households and highlands. C. pubescens, locally known as “Bodong” or “Wudel” chili, was found on the high slopes of Mount Semeru, whereas C. chinense, known as “Cotoh” chili by the locals, was also found in the highlands of Batu City. Based on agronomic performance there were several accessions with high-yielding potential (≥12 t/ha). Five accessions of C. frutescens collected from planting areas in the dryland with dry climate of Blitar not only had high yield potential, but also had high capsaicinoid content, low-fat content, low quercetin and high flavonoids and polyphenols. Phenotypic diversity and geographic origin may be useful as the criteria for selecting a good set of chili accessions.
Functional analysis of an appressorium-spesific gene from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
(IAARD Press, 2020) Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
A novel gene (CAS2) specifically expressed during appressorium formation was isolated from Colletotrichum gleosporioides using Differential Display RT-PCR. CAS2 comprises 368 deduced amino acid residues and is 50% identical to a hypothetical protein from Chaetomium globosum. ProtFun 2.2 server analysis predicted that Cas2 functions as a transport and binding protein. Based on putative transmembrane domain prediction software (HMMTOP), Cas2 protein is composed of five alpha-helical transmembrane domains with a very short external N-terminus tail and long internal C-terminus. ExPASy ScanProsite analysis showed the presence of integrin beta chain cysteine-rich domain, N-myristoylation site, EGFlike domain, 2Fe-2S ferredoxins, iron-sulfur binding region, VWFC domain, fungal hydrophobins signature, membrane lipoprotein lipid attachment site and Janus-faced atracotoxin (J-ACTX) family signature in CAS2 protein. Mutants with deleted CAS2 were not significantly different in terms of vegetative growth, conidiation, and appressoria production compared to wild type. However, the cas2 mutant produced multipolar germination, a feature which distinguishes it from wild type strain. Interestingly, the mutant is non-virulent to mango fruits, indicating that CAS2 may encode proteins that function as novel virulence factors in fungal pathogens.
Targeted mutation of GA20ox-2 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 system generated semi-dwarf phenotype in rice
(IAARD Press, 2020) Santoso, T J ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Recently, the engineered CRISPR/Cas9 system has been applied to rapidly and efficiently modify the targeted gene(s) in a wide variety of plants. Recent studies of successful targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with a single gRNA expression in rice plants have been reported. GA20ox-2 is a gene encoding an oxidase enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of gibberellin and linked to sd1 locus. A previous study revealed that mutation of this gene resulted in shorter stature of rice plant due to defects in the gibberellin’s signalling pathway. Here, we studied targeted mutation of OsGA20ox-2 gene in rice using the CRISPR/Cas9 system with the expression of two gRNAs. In this study, we introduced a single plasmid vector of CRISPR/Cas9 system harboring dual gRNAs to modify OsGA20ox-2 gene in a rice model cv. Kitaake via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Targeted mutagenesis of OsGA20ox-2 gene using CRISPR/Cas9 generated nine mutated rice lines with a mutation frequency of 90%. Most mutated lines (50%) had mutations in both OsGA20ox-2 gRNA. They resulted in homo-diallelic mutation type with 44 bp deletion, while three lines were heterozygous, one line was homo-diallelic with 2 bp insertion, and one line had no mutation. The K15 mutated rice line was identified as a homozygous two-nucleotide insertion and had the semi-dwarf phenotype, demonstrating that OsGA20ox-2 gene had been disrupted.
Mass genome sequencing of crops and wild relatives to accelerate crop breeding: the digital rice genebank
(IAARD Press, 2020) McNally ...[at al], K L; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
The advent of next generation sequencing, and more recently third generation sequencing, has enabled researchers to begin interrogating the genomic information of thousands of accessions of conserved genetic resources as well as cultivated varieties. Here, we describe recent results from the 3,000 Rice Genomes Project (3K RGP) and summarize a few of the projects for other crop species. The 3K RGP has served as the catalyst to create a digital rice genebank with the intent to sequence many more of the conserved accessions held in the International Rice Genebank Collection in the coming years. We are progressing with generating high quality reference builds for the 15 subpopulations defined by the 3K RG analyses. These along with reference builds of the wild relatives will allow access to the unique genomic regions specific to particular cultivated types and wild relatives. We have also begun efforts to sequence a further 10,000 accessions of rice in collaboration with partners in China. Yet, in-depth sequence data and initial comparative bioinformatic analyses are not enough to promote efficient use. Hence, high throughput phenomic screening in multiple environments, development of novel genetic populations, computational genetics and modeling will be necessary to understand the link between genotype to phenotype and its environmental control. The combination of these approaches underpinned by computational analyses will allow identification of novel genes and alleles that can be deployed into elite varieties for sustainable crop improvement.
Digital object identifier (DOI) application for rice germplasm collection at Yogyakarta AIAT
(IAARD Press, 2020) Widyayanti, S ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
In 2014, local rice exploration survey identified 76 local rice accessions from Yogyakarta. These local rice collections have been stored in Yogyakarta AIAT cooler facilities. Yogyakarta AIAT has assigned the digital object identifier (DOI) to 55 of its local rice collections. The assignation of DOI will be useful for the local rice collection for their availability for transfer with the Standard Material Transfer Agreement (SMTA) in the Multilateral System (MLS) of Access and Benefit-Sharing (ABS) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA).
Digital sequence information–legal questions for patent, copyright, trade secret protection and sharing of genomic sequencing data
(IAARD Press, 2020) C Seitz; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Advances in sciences–both in molecular biology and information technology–have enabled new understandings of genetic resources and biological processes which lead to an ongoing fundamental paradigm shift. The phenomenon of big data resulting from genomic sequencing has emerged as a consequence of next generation sequencing technologies that generate large data sets in biotechnological research. Technical progress in such big data generation and management has opened previously unprecedented possibilities for research, the development of new products and leads to a vast amount of data being generated at an unprecedented speed, ranging from the extraction of information to data analysis and interpretation. While there will always remain a reliance on genetic materials, one may observe a trend that research and development activities using genetic materials are increasingly supplemented or substituted by computerized research activities based on digital sequence information (DSI). These developments lead to a revolutionary transformation in the use of genetic resources (GR), which is currently undergoing radical changes and may be considered as a “fourth industrial revolution”. It results not only in exponential growth of generated genetic data, which may lead to innovation and new products and services, but also poses a range of new regulatory and legal questions due to its specific characteristics. The rise of big data raises specific legal challenges in terms of data ownership and intellectual property, data stewardship and governance, as well as technology transfer and licensing. One example is the question on how to regulate access and benefit-sharing for plant genetic resources and regulatory approvals for gene-edited plants as a result of new genomic technologies, which illustrates the use of DSI as an essential tool for research and development along with the requirements to exchange such information. Existing exchange mechanisms include, for instance, open-access databases and DSI platforms. Their data access and exchange policies would presumably be intended to maintain consistency with the objectives, policies and regulations of the Access and Benefit-Sharing system (ABS system). A large number of these questions are currently subject to discussions on an international, regional, as well as on a national level. This paper shall shed light on some of these questions to reflect the current and ongoing discussion on the issue and focus on the protection of DSI and address the question of the application of ABS systems to DSI.
Seed characteristics of local rice accessions from East Barito regency
(IAARD Press, 2020) Susilawati ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Central Kalimantan has an abundance of local rice genetic resources scattered in every district. One of the districts with important local rice genetic resources is East Barito. This study aimed to seek unique characters ol local rice varieties in East Barito Regency which could be useful for further genetic improvement. Local rice exploration was conducted during January to February 2018 to obtain local species in the East Barito District. The method of activity is purposive sampling by selecting 4􀀐5 villages within the district based on information of diverse local genetic resources. The data collected consisted of the passport data and the present status of local paddy rice, as well as the character of the seeds to ensure that there was a difference of accession for local paddy genetic resources with the same name. Based on the exploration activity, a total of 27 local rice accessions have been explored from the region, and there were two cultivar local rice accessions that have the same name, i.e. Cantik Manis and Siam Cantik. However, they have different grain shape and other morphological characters.
MARDI rice genebank: important roles in data management and data sharing
(IAARD Press, 2020) Noorzuraini, S ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Malaysia has agreed to adopt the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) and acceded to the Treaty in 2004. Under Article 10 of the Treaty, the contracting parties should allow easy access of the genetic resources under Annex 1 Crop through Multilateral System, and Benefit-Sharing raised from the utilization of the resources. To implement the Treaty, MARDI has actively involved in the implementation through the exchange of seeds particularly rice accessions using Standard Materials Transfer Agreement (SMTA) and in data sharing for easy access of rice genetic resources. MARDI has started to involve in adoption and implementation of Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) and also contributed to the Genesys database though a project named „Building Genesys Catalog of Phenotypic Datasets of Malaysian Rice Germplasm‟. In Malaysia, rice genetic resources are conserved at the National Rice Genebank in Penang. The genebank was established in 1989 with the primary purpose to collect and conserve rice genetic resources (Oryza spp.) in Malaysia. Currently, the genebank has conserved a total of 13,020 accessions of rice germplasms consisted of landraces collected throughout the country, introduced varieties, and breeding materials. The rice germplasms are an important source of genetic materials for the development of new rice varieties. To date, 48 rice varieties were developed and introduced to the farmers and local communities. Those varieties possessed consequential and unique traits such as high yield and resistant to pest and diseases, to make them valuable to farmers and local communities. Those varieties are registered and freely accessed in Global Information System (GLIS) website for DOI implementation. Besides, a total of 22 phenotypic datasets including datasets for morphological traits, pest and diseases (brown planthopper, blast and bacterial leaf blight), and quality and speciality traits, are prepared and published in the Genesys portal (database). Data sharing is essential to enhance the breeding program in the country and sharing of valuable genetic resources with other countries for the future development of new varieties for food security and to promote sustainable agriculture.
Studies on heritability and genetic variability for grain physical properties in Malaysian rice germplasm
(IAARD Press, 2020) Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Genetic based information of different traits plays important role in varietal improvement of rice. Twenty rice accessions (Oryza sativa L.) obtained from National Rice Gene Bank were evaluated during main season 2015/2016 to estimate heritability, genetic variability and genetic advance for seven grain physical properties. Among the traits, milled grain length/width ratio, milled grain length, milled grain length after cooking and grain length exhibited high estimates of phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), and genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV). Highest broad sense heritability and genetic advance was obtained for grain length (98.66% and 62.25%), milled grain length (98.95% and 67.31%), milled grain length/width ratio (98.50% and 80.41%) and milled grain length after cooking (98.93% and 65.44%) which suggest these traits are most probably controlled by additive gene action and hence they can be fixed by selection. However, kernel elongation ratio showed lowest value of broad sense heritability and genetic advance (11.76% and 1.38%, respectively) and may suggest non-additive gene action in their inheritance and selection of this trait may difficult due to high environmental influences. Therefore, improvement of high quality rice with kernel elongation ability may require molecular marker application as it is highly affected by environment for precise selection.
Animal genetic resources (AnGR) in Mozambique
(IAARD Press, 2020) Cumbula D. ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Mozambique is a country on the eastern coast of Southern Africa, where livestock plays an important role in the agriculture sector, due to its contribution to socio-economic development and poverty reduction. Given the variations in climate, soil fertility, rainfall pattern and altitude among the different areas, the country is divided into ten agroecological regions, each one with its own characteristic production systems and livestock breeds. In the family sector, livestock is mostly composed of indigenous breeds: Landim cattle, goats, pigs and chicken, Angoni and Bovino de Tete cattle breeds and Pafuri goat. In order to restore the quantity and quality of the genetic resources of indigenous breeds and promote their conservation and sustainable use, the country is carrying out several actions and activities, including public awareness campaigns about the importance of indigenous breeds and the need for their conservation, inclusion of AnGR issues in the curriculum of universities and agricultural colleges, characterization of AnGR collection and conservation of semen from native bulls.
Intellectual property right and farmer protection in accessing genetic resources
(IAARD Press, 2020) Novianto ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) in the field of agriculture are regulated under the Patent Law, the Plant Breeder’s Right Act and the Plant Cultivation System Act. The decision Number 99/PUU-X/2012 of the Constitution Court granted the right of farmers to access genetic resources (GR). The study aims to assert an application relevance of the law on the events in concreto complying with the provisions of law or contract. This is normative law research. This study revealed that if the Plant Breeder’s Right Act and the Patent Act are linked to access to GR, they are not adequately regulated of how fair its benefit-sharing from the use of genetic resources, especially to local communities or farmer which had traditional knowledge (TK). The benefits of IPR are, a form of legal protection against the TK of the population over local varieties, it can utilize GR, and as conservation. IPR has progressively been incorporated into agriculture, namely Law Number 4/2006 concerning the Ratification of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) and Law Number 11/2013 on the approval of the Nagoya Protocol on access to GR and the fair and equitable benefit-sharing arising from their utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity. Based on this, it is essential to consider equal and balancing protection between breeder rights and farmer rights.
Strengthening seed delivery system for enhanced adoption of improved sorghum varieties among smallholder farmers in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia
(IAARD Press, 2020) Munkombwe, G; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Many improved sorghum varieties and hybrids have been developed by public research institutions in Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. However, the seeds are not readily available to small-scale farmers in remote rural areas. The non-availability of improved seed is due to various reasons, including low demand for certified seed and therefore, low profitability. Sorghum has been unattractive to large seed companies, and hence is not taking up production and distribution of these improved sorghum varieties to farming communities leading to low adoption. As a result, a seed system strengthening project was initiated to enhance seed delivery in remote rural areas that cannot access seeds easily. The project is in the first year stage and is being implemented in fourteen districts of Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. The project activities include early generation seed production of selected sorghum varieties, the establishment of promotional demonstration fields, building the capacity of seed producers and farmers in seed production through training and creating a platform for players in the sorghum seed value chain. The specific objectives are: (i) to improve the availability of sufficient quantities of early generation seed to seed producers, (ii) to strengthen the capacity of sorghum seed value chain players involved in the promotion of released sorghum varieties, and (iii) to promote the use of sorghum certified seed by small scale farmers. The research outputs so far achieved are 250 farmers have been trained in seed production, 10 tons of basic seed of selected varieties have been produced and 144 sites have been established.
Needs, opportunities and challenges for crop improvement in Indonesia
(IAARD Press, 2020) Mastur ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Indonesia is one of the countries with mega diversity. However, challenges in varietal improvement might affect the national agricultural development in Indonesia. This article discusses the need for improved crops, opportunities, challenges for crop improvement and addresses strategic crops improvement by applying advanced biotechnology in Indonesia. A growing population demands increased food supply. Thus, food self-sufficiency is a strategic agricultural development program due to its broad impact. The supply of fibre, feed, and fuel is also necessary for industrial development. At present, changes in land quality and climate influence agricultural productivity, especially crop productivity and quality. Therefore, crop genetic improvement significantly contributes to increase their production. The emerging biotechnological approaches, particularly new breeding techniques involving diverse genetic resources from Indonesia, would rapidly expand the gene pool for plant improvement. Moreover, accessible information technologies along with exchanges of genetic resources through the multilateral system, offer a new direction and partnership for advanced research. However, inadequate human resources, infrastructure, low investment in long-term research and lack of collaboration and coordination among research organizations can hinder the crop improvement. Additionally, genetic erosion and genetic resources management remain a concern. As strategies to engineer crop improvement, many approaches have been centered on prioritized national strategic crops for desired traits to overcome national issues. Possible breeding techniques can be enriched by exploring new supporting technologies including molecular markers, genetic engineering and genome editing, as well as by co-development and transfer of technologies for overall development in Indonesia.
Application of induced mutation technique to improve genetic variability of Indonesian traditional rice varieties
(IAARD Press, 2020) Dewi, A K ...[at al]; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
The development of rice genotype is vital to guarantee food security to cope with global climate changes and increasing population growth. Biodiversity is spread throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Many Indonesian local varieties are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses that may be useful for rice breeding program. They are well-adapted to specific environment and have good aroma and eating quality, but have some weaknesses, such as late maturity, susceptible to lodging, unresponsive to fertilizer and low yield. Induced mutation breeding is useful for increasing genetic variability to develop genotypes with several interesting agronomical characters and yield. Center for Isotope and Radiation Application, National Nuclear Energy Agency (CIRA-NNEA) has been conducting the induced mutation technique for genetic improvement of rice. Pandan Putri, an early maturing mutant variety that was derived from irradiated Pandan Wangi variety from Cianjur area, is one of successful improvements of traditional rice varieties using mutation technique. The other success stories are described in this paper. It is concluded that nuclear technology can be applied for induced mutation breeding to improve several agronomical traits.
The use of specifically adapted genetic resources for regional economic development
(IAARD Press, 2020) Moeljopawiro S.; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
Genetic resources are essential sources for further varietal improvement as well as directly used of their products due to their prime quality product in a particular region but not in other regions. Genetic resources grown for some time in a region probably have been improved their adaptability to the environment. The resourses could be used to develop new varieties adapted to a specific location. If every region has that kind of variety, it will, in turn, improve national productivity of that commodity. Besides, genetic resources having specific adaptability to a specific location and producing a prime quality needed by the consumer may also be useful to boost the economy of that particular region. This kind of products is generally known as the Geographical Indication (GI) products. A GI must identify a product as originating in a given place. Examples of products protected with GI that improve the local economy are: (1) GI Kintamani arabica coffee which before the protection involving 40 groups of farmers (1,750 workers), the price of coffee IDR 25,000.00/kg. After the protection, the farmers’ groups become 60 involving 2,640 workers and the price increase to IDR 75,000.00/kg, (2) Muntok white pepper, the price after protection is IDR 170,000.00/kg, whereas the price before protection was IDR 40,000.00/kg. The use of genetic resources in varieties improvement required a tremendous amount of effort and funds, while GI required effort in maintaining quality of products and funds for the promotion of product.

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