Hama Pascapanen Padi dan Pengendaliannya
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Date
2008-06-01
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Balai Besar Penelitian Tanaman Padi
Abstract
Abstrak
Padi (Oryza sativa L.) merupakan komoditas pangan utama di Indonesia, namun kualitas dan kuantitas hasilnya sering mengalami penurunan signifikan akibat serangan hama pascapanen selama masa penyimpanan gabah maupun beras. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi jenis-jenis hama pascapanen utama pada komoditas padi serta menganalisis efektivitas berbagai strategi pengendalian yang aman dan berkelanjutan. Hama gudang utama yang sering dijumpai meliputi kumbang bubuk beras (Sitophilus oryzae), ngengat beras (Corcyra cephalonica), kumbang tepung (Tribolium castaneum), dan kumbang pipih (Cryptolestes ferrugineus). Infestasi hama-hama tersebut menyebabkan kerusakan fisik pada bulir beras, penurunan bobot, kontaminasi kotoran, peningkatan kelembaban yang memicu pertumbuhan jamur, serta penurunan nilai gizi dan ekonomi. Pengendalian konvensional dengan fumigan sintetis (seperti fosfin) kini menghadapi kendala timbulnya resistensi hama dan ancaman residu kimia. Oleh karena itu, penerapan Pengendalian Hama Terpadu (PHT) pascapanen menjadi solusi yang sangat direkomendasikan. Strategi PHT ini mencakup sanitasi gudang secara ketat, tindakan fisik-mekanis (pengeringan gabah hingga kadar air <14%, pengaturan suhu, dan teknologi penyimpanan hermetik/kedap udara), pemanfaatan pestisida nabati/agen hayati, serta penggunaan perangkap feromon. Penerapan PHT pascapanen secara terpadu mampu menekan populasi hama secara signifikan, meminimalkan susut hasil, serta menjaga mutu dan ketahanan pangan secara berkelanjutan.
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a primary staple food commodity in Indonesia; however, its quality and quantity frequently suffer significant deterioration due to post-harvest pest infestations during paddy and milled rice storage. This article aims to identify the primary post-harvest pests attacking rice products and analyze the effectiveness of various safe and sustainable control strategies. The main storage pests commonly encountered include the rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), the rice moth (Corcyra cephalonica), the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), and the rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus). Infestations by these pests lead to physical damage to rice grains, weight loss, excrement contamination, increased moisture levels promoting fungal growth, and a reduction in nutritional and economic values. Conventional control relying on synthetic fumigants (such as phosphine) faces increasing challenges regarding pest resistance and chemical residue risks. Therefore, the implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) in post-harvest systems is strongly recommended. Post-harvest IPM strategies incorporate strict warehouse sanitation, physical-mechanical measures (grain drying to moisture content <14%, temperature control, and hermetic/airtight storage technology), the use of botanical pesticides/biological agents, and pheromone trapping systems. The comprehensive application of post-harvest IPM effectively suppresses pest populations, minimizes post-harvest losses, and maintains food quality and security sustainably.
Description
33 p.; ills.; tab.