Browsing by Author "Machmud, Muhammad"

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    Menuju Kesamaan Persepsi Terhadap Taksonomi Bakteri Pseudomonas solanacearum (SMITH 1896) SMITH 1914
    (Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 1998) Machmud, Muhammad; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
    Towards a Unified View on Taxonomy of P. solanacearum (Smith 1896) Smith 1914. M. Machmud. P. solanacearum, the bacterial wilt pathogen, is a complex and heterogeneous species. Studies have proven that the bacterium is composed of a number of different strains differing in host range, colony morphology, physiology and biochemistry, fatty acid and membrane proteins profiles, phage susceptibility, serological reactions. Because of complexity of the species, control of the disease has not been very successful. Two popular schemes are currently used in grouping of the bacterial isolates, i.e. race and biovar groupings. Each of the schemes is an attempt to establish meaningful categories on the basis of phenotypic characters. However, there seems to be no correlation between the race and the biovar groupings, this is because the race system is based on ecological categories (host ranges), while the biovar grouping is based on phenotypic characters. Bacterial wilt scientists have put many efforts to study various aspects related to taxonomy of the pathogen. In the past decade, with the advancement of DNA technology, scientists have used molecular genetic techniques such as whole genome analysis, finger printing techniques and PCR to study systematic and phytogeny of the bacterium. This paper is a brief review on various works on molecular techniques that have been done by scientists to unify view on taxonomy of P. solanacearum.
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    Teknik Penyimpanan dan Pemeliharaan Mikroba
    (Balai Penelitian Bioteknologi Tanaman Pangan, 2001) Machmud, Muhammad; Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Bioteknologi dan Sumberdaya Genetik Pertanian
    Techniques for Conservation and Storage of Microbes. Muhammad Machmud. Microbiologists need to keep their microbial culture collections for different purposes. Therefore, they have to conserve and store their collections in order to maintain survival and genetic stability of the microbes. In this paper, the term microbes is synonymy to microorganisms including viruses, bacteria, fungi, nematodes, yeast, algae, and protozoa, that are saprophytic, epiphytic, parasitic, antagonistic, and pathogenic. Based on the period and objective, the microbial conservation and storage were distinguished into (1) short-term, for a short period of time, such as from isolation until correct identification is done; (2) intermediate-term, such as the duration of a research project, and (3) long-term, for collection, conservation, or research references. The life duration of a microbial isolate is affected by several factors such as the microbial characters, composition, and pH of the medium, aeration, relative humidity, and temperature of the storage. Therefore, there are various different techniques for conservation and storage of the microbiaf cultures. Generally, the microbiologists agree that the preferred techniques for long-term conservation and storage of microbes are freeze drying or lyophilization technique and cryogenic technique. However, not all laboratory are accessible to facilities for those tech niques. Alternative techniques need to be used without reducing the success of the objective of the microbial conservation and storage. This paper is a brief review of general techniques for conservation and storage of microbial cultures with more emphasize on bacteria.