Keragaman Genetik Klon Kakao Lokal Sulawesi Tenggara Berdasarkan Marka SSR dan Karakter Morfologi
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Karakterisasi molekuler dan morfologi pada klon kakao yang berasal dari Sulawesi Tenggara sangat penting dilakukan untuk mengetahui keunggulan dan hubungan kekerabatan dari masing-masing klon. Analisis keragaman genetik menggunakan marka molekuler juga bermanfaat untuk mendeteksi adanya duplikasi di antara klon yang dikoleksi. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui keragaman genetik klon kakao lokal Sulawesi Tenggara berdasarkan marka SSR dan karakter morfologi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Sub Station Penelitian Kakao, Desa Lebojaya, Kecamatan Konda, Kabupaten Konawe Selatan, Sulawesi Tenggara, dan Laboratorium Terpadu, Balai Penelitian Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar Sukabumi, serta Laboratorium Biologi Molekuler, Balai Besar Litbang Bioteknologi dan Sumber Daya Genetik Pertanian Bogor, mulai bulan April sampai November 2015. Analisis keragaman genetik dilakukan pada 21 klon kakao yang meliputi 19 klon lokal dan 2 varietas nasional sebagai pembanding dengan menggunakan 22 marka SSR. Hasil karakterisasi molekuler diperoleh 11 marka bersifat polimorfik, selanjutnya digunakan untuk mengelompokkan klon kakao menggunakan program NTSYS. Hasil pengelompokan membagi klon kakao menjadi 4 kelompok utama pada nilai kesamaan genetik 0,46. Berdasarkan nilai jarak genetik >0,70 diperoleh 8 kombinasi klon kakao yang dapat dipilih sebagai tetua persilangan dengan harapan untuk meningkatkan efek heterosis pada keturunannya. Hasil karakterisasi morfologi secara umum menunjukkan adanya keragaman antar keempat kelompok kakao yang terbentuk. Berdasarkan karakter molekuler dan morfologi dapat diketahui bahwa klon kakao yang berasal dari Sulawesi Tenggara mempunyai keragaman yang tinggi dan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam program pengembangan varietas unggul baru.
Molecular and morphological characterization of cacao clones obtained from exploration in Southeast Sulawesi is very important to know their superiority and genetic relationships. Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers is also useful for detecting duplication found among collected clones. The research aimed to determine the genetic diversity of local cacao clones derived from Southeast Sulawesi based on SSR markers and morphological characters. The research was conducted at Cacao Research Sub-Station, Lebojaya Village, Konda Subdistrict, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, and Integrated Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute Sukabumi, and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development Bogor, from April to November 2015. Genetic diversity analysis was performed on 21 cacao clones covering 19 local clones and 2 national varieties using 22 SSR markers. The molecular characterization results showed that 11 markers are polymorphic, and subsequently used to group cacao clones using NTSYS program. The grouping results divided the cacao clones into 4 main groups at 0.46 genetic similarity values. Based on genetic distance values >0.7, 8 combinations of cacao clones can be selected as parental clones with the expectation to increase the effect of heterosis on progeny. On the other hand, result of morphological characterization generally indicated the diversity between the four cacao groups. Based on molecular and morphological characterization, it can be seen that cacao clones derived from Southeast Sulawesi have a high diversity and can be utilized in the development program of new improved varieties.
Molecular and morphological characterization of cacao clones obtained from exploration in Southeast Sulawesi is very important to know their superiority and genetic relationships. Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers is also useful for detecting duplication found among collected clones. The research aimed to determine the genetic diversity of local cacao clones derived from Southeast Sulawesi based on SSR markers and morphological characters. The research was conducted at Cacao Research Sub-Station, Lebojaya Village, Konda Subdistrict, South Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi, and Integrated Laboratory of Indonesian Industrial and Beverage Crops Research Institute Sukabumi, and Molecular Biology Laboratory of Indonesian Center for Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Resources Research and Development Bogor, from April to November 2015. Genetic diversity analysis was performed on 21 cacao clones covering 19 local clones and 2 national varieties using 22 SSR markers. The molecular characterization results showed that 11 markers are polymorphic, and subsequently used to group cacao clones using NTSYS program. The grouping results divided the cacao clones into 4 main groups at 0.46 genetic similarity values. Based on genetic distance values >0.7, 8 combinations of cacao clones can be selected as parental clones with the expectation to increase the effect of heterosis on progeny. On the other hand, result of morphological characterization generally indicated the diversity between the four cacao groups. Based on molecular and morphological characterization, it can be seen that cacao clones derived from Southeast Sulawesi have a high diversity and can be utilized in the development program of new improved varieties.
Keywords
Kakao; karakter morfologi; keragaman genetik; marka SSR, , Cacao; genetic diversity; morphological character; SSR markers,