Keragaan Karakter Kualitatif, Kuantitatif, dan Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Ekstrak N-Heksana Beberapa Aksesi Plasma Nutfah Tembakau
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Balai Penelitian Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat
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Setiap aksesi plasma nutfah tembakau memiliki keragaan karakter yang berbeda, baik karakter kualitatif, kuantitatif maupun kandungan senyawa kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengarakterisasi keragaan karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif delapan aksesi tembakau dan menganalisa komponen kimia yang terkan-dung di dalam daunnya. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Karangploso, Malang dan laboratorium Kimia, Universitas Brawijaya tahun 2012. Aksesi plasma nutfah tembakau yang dievaluasi adalah S.2258, S.24/kml2, S.24/kml3, S.2132/sin, S.2224, S.2279, S.2355, dan S.2154/kas. Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) diulang 3 kali. Karakter kualitatif yang diamati adalah tepi daun, ujung da-un, kerapatan internode, sudut, dan tangkai daun; karakter kuantitatif yang diamati meliputi jumlah daun, ukuran daun, dan umur berbunga. Kandungan senyawa kimia daun diekstrak dengan N-heksana dan diana-lisa dengan menggunakan GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). Hasil karakterisasi kualitatif me-nunjukkan bahwa delapan aksesi yang dianalisa memiliki keragaman karakter. Empat aksesi yang memiliki tepi daun menggulung cenderung mengandung kadar nikotin tinggi. Dari delapan aksesi yang dikarakter, S.2279 menghasilkan daun terbanyak (43,18 lembar), dan S.2224 memiliki jumlah daun paling sedikit (17,45 lembar). S.2279 memiliki umur berbunga paling dalam (135,82 hari), sedangkan paling genjah S.2224 (57,33 hari) tidak beda nyata dengan S.24/kml3 (61,90 hari). Komponen senyawa kimia yang terkandung dalam daun terdiri atas 22 komponen, tergolong dalam kelompok senyawa alkaloid, hidrokarbon, alkohol, ester, eter, asam le-mak, dan isoamyl nitrit. Terdapat empat komponen besar senyawa kimia yang terdeteksi pada semua akse-si, yang salah satunya adalah senyawa nikotin. Kadar nikotin dalam daun berkorelasi negatif dengan jumlah daun, ukuran daun, dan umur berbunga. Each tobacco accession has specific qualitative and quantitative characteristics and contains different chemi-cal compositions. This study aimed to characterize qualitative and quantitative properties of eight tobacco accessions and to analyze chemical components of the tobacco leaves. The study has been conducted at Ka-rangploso Experimental Station of ISFRI, Malang and Chemistry Laboratory of Brawijaya University in 2012. Eight accessions of tobacco germplasm i.e. S.2258, S.24/kml2, S.24/kml3, S.2132/sin, S.2224, S.2279, S.2355, and S.2154/kas were evaluated in randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications. Observation of quali-tative characters included type of leaf tip, leaf edge, internode, angle, and twig leaf; quantitative characters included leaf size, number of leaves, and flowering time. Chemical components of the leaf were extracted with N-heksana and identified by using GC-MS (gas chromatography mass spectrometry). Qualitative proper-ties of eight accessions showed various characteristics. Four accessions with rolling leaf edge tended to have high nicotine content. Of eight evaluated accessions, S.2279 produced highest leaf number (43.18 sheets), and S.2224 produced the smallest number of leaf (17.45 sheets). S.2279 had the latest flowering age (135.82 days), whilst S.2224 was the earliest (57.33 days) which was no significant different with S.24/kml3 (61.90 days). Chemical components of the evaluated tobacco leaf comprised of 22 compounds belong to alkaloids, hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters, ethers, fatty acids, and isoamyl nitrite. There were four major groups detected on all accessions, which one was nicotine. There was also noted that nicotine content negatively correlated with number of leaves, leaf size, and flowering time.
Keywords
Tembakau; morfologi; identifikasi senyawa kimia; Nicotiana Tobacco; morphology; chemical compound identification; Nicotiana