KARAKTERISTIK WERENG HIJAU DAN EPIDEMI TUNGRO DI KABUPATEN GARUT, PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
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2015-03-09
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Balai Besar Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian
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ABSTRACT Characteristics of Green Leaf Hoppers and Tungro Epidemic in Garut District, West Java Province. Tungro disease is one of the biotic constraints that may reduce crop yield potential of rice. The disease is caused by tungro virus that is spread by green leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens. GLH N. virescens is the most efficient vector of tungro virus among the others GLH. GLH was found in lowland to highland. The experiment was conducted in Garut district in the dry season 2012 and wet season 2012/2013. This study aims to determine the characteristics of GLH and Tungro epidemic in Garut District, West Java Province. Observations in the field include tungro disease intensity, GLH population density, and natural enemies populations, and the abiotic environment. Activities in the green house including adaptation test of GLH colonies from field to differential varieties resistant against GLH and virulence test of tungro virus to differential varieties resistant against tungro. The results in the fields showed that the GLH population density in the highlands Garut was relatively low. Likewise with tungro disease intensity at Garut in two cropping seasons had low intensity. Tungro attack depends on the effectiveness of GLH to transmit the virus. Although the GLH population was low but could transmit tungro virus effectively in the field. Natural enemies were most commonly founds in the highlands Garut was long jawed spiders Tetragnatha sp. The test results to the differential varieties resistant against GLH in green house suggested that adaptation of GLH colony from Garut was low and have not been able to break the resistance of GLH resistant varieties. While the test results to the differential varieties resistant against tungro showed that tungro virus from Garut was variants 071. That variant was highly virulent because it can break tungro resistant differential varieties except Tukad Petanu. Keywords: Characteristics, Nephotettix virescens, epidemic of tungro, GarutABSTRAK Penyakit tungro merupakan salah satu kendala biotik yang dapat menurunkan potensi hasil tanaman padi. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus tungro yang menyebar dengan bantuan wereng hijau Nephotettix virescens. Wereng hijau, N. virescens merupakan vektor virus yang paling efisien diantara wereng hijau lainnya. Wereng hijau dapat dijumpai pada dataran rendah hingga dataran tinggi. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kabupaten Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat pada musim kemarau (MK) 2012 dan musim hujan (MH) 2012/2013. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik wereng hijau dan epidemi penyakit tungro di Kabupaten Garut, Propinsi Jawa Barat. Pengamatan di lapangan meliputi intensitas penyakit tungro, kepadatan populasi wereng hijau, dan populasi serangga musuh alami, dan lingkungan abiotik. Kegiatan di rumah kaca meliputi uji adaptasi koloni wereng hijau lapangan terhadap varietas differensial tahan wereng hijau dan uji virulensi virus tungro terhadap varietas differensial tahan tungro. Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan populasi wereng hijau di dataran tinggi Garut relatif rendah. Begitupun dengan intensitas penyakit tungro di Garut pada dua musim tanam tergolong rendah. Serangan tungro tergantung efektivitas wereng hijau menularkan virus. Walaupun populasi wereng hijau rendah namun efektif menularkan virus tungro di lapangan. Musuh alami yang paling banyak ditemukan di dataran tinggi Garut adalah laba-laba berahang panjang Tetragnatha sp. Hasil pengujian terhadap varietas differensial tahan wereng hijau di rumah kaca menunjukkan adaptasi koloni wereng hijau asal Garut tergolong rendah dan belum mampu mematahkan ketahanan varietas tahan wereng hijau. Sedangkan hasil pengujian terhadap varietas differensial tahan tungro menunjukkan bahwa virus tungro asal Garut adalah varian 071. Varian tersebut sangat virulen karena mampu mematahkan varietas differensial tahan tungro kecuali Tukad Petanu. Kata kunci: Karakteristik, wereng hijau, epidemi tungro, Garut