Optimasi Komposisi Kardanol Dari Minyak Kulit Mete Sebagai Subtitusi Fenol Dalam Formulasi Perekat Fenol Formaldehida
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Balai Besar Penelitian dan Pengembangan Pascapanen Pertanian
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Minyak kulit biji mete merupakan hasil samping dari pengolahan kacang mete, mengandung senyawa fenolik terutama kardanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan komposisi kardanol yang optimum sebagai substitusi fenol dalam formulasi perekat fenol formaldehida. Pelaksanaan penelitian dibagi atas beberapa tahap, yaitu (l) optimasi komposisi mol senyawa fenolik, nisbah mol senyawa fenolik terhadap formaldehida, dan lama reaksi (2) optimasi komposisi mol senyawa fenolik dan pH reaksi, dan (3) analisis struktur resin perekat dengan FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy). Formulasi perekat yang optimum diperoleh dengan komposisi senyawa fenolik (I mol kardanol : I mol fenol), nisbah mol formaldehida terhadap senyawa fenolik (1,5 : 1,0). Kondisi optimum pembuatan perekat dicapai pada reaksi polikondensasi pH 10 dan berlangsung selama I jam. Kardanol dapat menggantikan fenol sebanyak 70 % dalam fonnulasi perekat fenol formaldehida. Perekat tersebut menghasilkan keteguhan rekat kayu lapis dalam keadaan kering dan basah (setelah direbus selama 72 jam) rata-rata 15,36 kg/em? dan 13,61 kg/em'. Persyaratan keteguhan rekat untuk perekat fenol formaldehida menurut Standar Nasional Indonesia 06-4567-1998, yaitu minimum 10 kg/em! (hasil uji dalam keadaan kering) dan 8 kg/em' (hasil uji dalam keadaan basah). Terjadi sinergis antara kardanol dan fenol pada reaksinya dengan formaldehida, sehingga reaksi formaldehida dengan kardanol tidak hanya pada cincin aromatiknya tetapi juga terjadi pad a rantai samping tidak jenuh (CIS) dari kardanol, sehingga meningkatkan keteguhan rekat kayu lapis. Optimation of cardanol composition from. cashew-nut shell liquid as phenol subtitute in phenol formaldehyde adhesives formulationThe cashew nut shell liquid is a by product obtained from the cashew nut processing, contains phenolics compound mainly cardanol. The objective of the research was to find out the optimum cardanol composition as phenol subtitute in phenol formaldehyde adhesives formulation. The experiment was carried out in several stages as followed: (I) optimation of mole composition of the phenolics and mole ratio of the phenolics to formaldehyde, and reaction time; (2) optimation of mole composition of the phenolics and pH reaction; and (3) the resin structure analysis using FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy). The optimum formulation of adhesive synthesis as followed: the composition of phenol portion (I mole cardanol : I mole phenol), the mole ratio of formaldehyde to total phenol (1.5 : 1,0). The optimum condition of polycondensation reaction was achieved at pH 10 for I hour. Cardanol could substitute phenol as much as 70 % in the fenol formaldehyde adhesives formulation. The average of the bond strength of plywood produced using the adhesives in dry and wet condition (after boiled 72 hours) was 15.36 kg/em? and 13.61 kg/em! respectively. Requirement of the bond strength in Indonesian National Standard 06-4567-1998 is minimum 10 kg/em? (the result test on dry condition) and 8 kg/em- (the result test on wet condition). There are synergism of cardanol and phenol in reaction with formaldehyde, so therefore reaction of formaldehyde and cardanol did not only happen at the aromatics ring but also at unsaturated chain CIS of cardanol which caused an increase in the bond strength of plywood.
Keywords
Annacardium occidentale; minyak kulit biji mete; kardanol; fenolik; perekat; Anacardium occidentale; cashew-nut shell liquid; cardanol; phenolic; adhesive;