KERAGAMAN GENETIKA VARIAN ABAKA YANG DIINDUKSI DENGAN ETHYLMETHANE SULPHONATE (EMS)
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2008-03-15
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Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan
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ABSTRAKMutasi in vitro dengan perlakuan mutagen dapat digunakan untukmeningkatkan keragaman genetika abaka melalui keragaman somaklonal.Penelitian yang dilakukan bertujuan untuk: (1) menentukan konsentrasioptimum EMS untuk induksi keragaman somaklonal dalam kultur kalusembriogen abaka, (2) meregenerasikan bibit abaka varian dari kalusembriogen yang diberi perlakuan EMS, dan (3) mengevaluasi tipe danfrekuensi keragaman karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatif di antara populasitanaman mutan abaka yang diperoleh dari regenerasi kalus embriogenyang diberi perlakuan EMS. Penelitian dilakukan mulai bulan Agustus2003 sampai Agustus 2006 di Laboratorium Kultur Jaringan dan KebunPercobaan Karangploso, Malang pada Balai Penelitian TanamanTembakau dan Serat, Malang (Balittas). Hasil penelitian menunjukkanbahwa 0,6% EMS merupakan konsentrasi optimum karena padakonsentrasi tersebut diperoleh keragaman somaklonal paling banyak.Varian yang diperoleh menunjukkan karakter kualitatif dan kuantitatifabnormal. Tipe varian tersebut umumnya bersifat negatif dan kurangmenguntungkan dibandingkan dengan populasi standar. Tipe dan frekuensikeragaman kualitatif dan kuantitatif pada klon Tangongon berbeda denganklon Sangihe-1, mengindikasikan adanya pengaruh genotipe terhadapkeragaman somaklonal. Varian dari abaka klon Tangongon denganproduksi serat tertinggi (161,0 g dan 154,0 g/tanaman) diperoleh dariperlakuan EMS 0,3% (T1 28.1.1 dan T1 11.2.2), sedangkan dari klonSangihe-1, hasil serat tertinggi (35,0 g dan 40,0 g/tanaman) diperoleh dariperlakuan EMS 0,6% (S4 28.1.0 dan S4 56.2.0). Produktivitas tersebutlebih rendah dibandingkan dengan produksi serat tanaman kontrol klonTangongon (193,0 g/tanaman) dan Sangihe-1 (70 g/tanaman).Kata kunci : Abaka, Musa textilis, keragaman somaklonal, EMS, muta-genesis, in vitro, hasil, Jawa TimurABSTRACTGenetic Variability of Abaca Variants Induced byEthylmethane Sulphonate (EMS)In vitro mutation with mutagen treatment can be used to increasethe genetic variability of abaca by inducing somaclonal variation. Theobjectives of the experiments were to (1) determine optimum concen-tration of EMS to induce abaca somaclonal variation, (2) produce abacalines from EMS treated embryogenic calli and evaluate their performancein the field, and (3) evaluate type and frequency of qualitative andquantitative variant characters among regenerated abaca lines. Thisexperiment was conducted in Tissue Culture Laboratory and KarangplosoExperiment Station of Indonesian Tobacco and Fibre Crops ResearchInstitute (ItoFCRI) Malang from August 2003 to August 2006. The resultsshowed that EMS treatment on abaca embryogenic calli induced variation,and the optimum EMS concentration was 0.6%. The variants exhibited anumber of abnormal qualitative and quantitative characters which weregenerally negative characters since they showed lower value as comparedto control population. The presence of different types of qualitative andquantitative variant characters was genotype dependent. Variants fromabaca clone Tangongon having the highest fibre yield (161.0 g and 154.0g/plant) were obtained from 0.3% EMS treatment (T1 28.1.1 and T1 11.2.2variants). While variants from abaca clone Sangihe-1 having the highestfibre yield (35.0 g and 40.0 g/plant) were obtained from 0.6% EMStreatment (S4 28.1.0 and S4 56.2.0 variants). The fibre yield of controlclones, Tangongon and Sangihe-1, were 193.0 g and 70 g/plant,respectively.Key words: Abaca, Musa textilis, induced mutation, somaclonalvariation, field evaluation, yield, East Java