KAJIAN KELAYAKAN USAHATANI POLA TANAM SAMBILOTO DENGAN JAGUNG
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Date
2007-09-18
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Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Perkebunan
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ABSTRAKSambiloto (Andrografis paniculata Nees) secara alami hidup suburdi antara tegakan hutan. Hal ini megindikasikan bahwa tanaman ini toleranterhadap naungan. Kajian pola tanam jagung dan sambiloto diharapkanmendorong efisiensi produksi dan meningkatkan daya saing. Percobaandilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Cimanggu Bogor pada tanah Latosol,ketinggian 240 m dpl, tipe iklim A. Penanaman pada bulan Nopember2003 dan panen mulai bulan Maret 2004 selama 5 kali panen denganselang setiap 2 bulan. Penelitian menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok(RAK) 6 kali ulangan dengan 4 perlakuan, yaitu : (1) monokultursambiloto, (2) sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, (3)sambiloto + jagung jarak tanam 120 cm x 20 cm, (4) sambiloto + jagungjarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm. Bibit sambiloto disemaikan selama 2 bulandan ditanam dengan jarak tanam 30 cm x 40 cm, dipupuk dengan 10 tonpupuk kandang, 150 kg urea, 150 kg SP-36, dan 150 kg KCl per ha.Pupuk kandang, SP-36, dan KCl seluruhnya diberikan pada saat tanam.Urea diberikan masing-masing 1/3 bagian pada umur 0, 1, dan 2 BST(Bulan Sesudah Tanam). Untuk setiap ha tanaman jagung dipupuk dengan5 ton pupuk kandang, 300 kg SP-36, dan 200 kg KCl yang diberikan padasaat tanam, dan 300 kg urea diberikan masing-masing 1/2 bagian padaumur 0, dan 1 BST. Benih jagung (Hibrida lokal R-01) ditanam 2 butir perlubang tanam, ditanam 2 kali selama musim tanam yaitu pertama 2 minggusebelum penanaman sambiloto, dan penanaman kedua 75 hari setelahpenanam jagung yang pertama. Data input-output usahatani dianalis secaradeskriptif dilanjutkan dengan analisis B/C rasio dan sensitivitas. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan mutu simplisia semua pola tanam memenuhistandard Materia Medika Indonesia. Produktivitas sambiloto per m 2 makinmenurun dengan kerapatan pola tanam; pada pola monokultur diperolehhasil 1,1 kg/m 2 sedangkan pada pola tanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90cm x 20 cm menghasilkan 0,5 kg/m 2 terna basah. Produktivitas jagung perm 2 meningkat dengan makin rapatnya pola tanam yaitu mencapai 13,3tongkol pada jagung jarak tanam 150 cm x 20 cm, dan 22,2 tongkol padajarak tanam jagung 90 cm x 20 cm. Biaya produksi sambiloto sebagianbesar untuk bibit (Rp. 300/tanaman); biaya bibit tertinggi pada pola tanammonokultur yaitu 66,5% dari total biaya usahatani dan terendah pada polatanam dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm yaitu 36%. Untukmenekan biaya usahatani disarankan petani melakukan penyemaian benihsendiri. Pola tanam sambiloto dengan jagung jarak tanam 90 cm x 20 cm,paling layak secara finansial dengan pendapatan bersih mencapaiRp1.188.360 dan B/C rasio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 lahan dan memberikansumbangan lebih dari 20% terhadap pendapatan petani sebagai managerusahatani, mempunyai daya adaptasi yang cukup fleksibel terhadapperubahan biaya produksi dan harga produk, serta memberikan tambahanpendapatan bersih (keuntungan sebesar) Rp.51.675/1.000 m 2 lahandibandingkan pola monokultur.Kata kunci : Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, jagung, polatanam,usahatani, produksi, Jawa BaratABSTRACTFeasibility study of king bitter and corn cropping patternKing bitter (Andrografis paniculata Nees) is naturally grown wildlyunder forest trees. This indicates that the plant is shade tolerant. Thecropping pattern of the plant with corn was expected to improve itsproduction efficiency and compatibility. The experiment was conducted inthe Cimanggu Experimental Garden Bogor, Latosol soil type, elevation240 m above sea level, climate type A of Schmidt and Fergusson. Plantingwas done November 2003. The experiment was designed in a randomizedblock with 6 replications. Treatments were (1) monoculture of king bittercropping pattern, (2) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20cm) cropping pattern, (3) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 120 cm x20 cm) cropping pattern, (4) king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cmx 20 cm) cropping pattern. King bitter was planted at 30 cm x 40 cmspacing, fertilized with 10 tons manure + 150 kg SP-36 + 150 kg KCl and150 kg urea fertilizer was applied one of third dosage in 0, 1, and 2 monthsafter planting. Corn was grown twice during the experiment; first wasplanted 2 weeks prior to planting of the king bitter, and second was 75days after the first planting. Corn was fertilized with 5 tons manure + 300kg SP36 + 200 kg KCl per ha, and 300 kg urea fertilizer was applied halfdosage in 0, and 1 months after planting. First harvest of the king bitterwas done in March 2004, followed with 5 harvests every 2 months.Farming efficiency was analyzed using descriptive analysis, B/C ratio andsensitivity analysis. The results showed that quality of dry raw material ofking bitter matched with MMI standard. Productivity of king bitterdecreased by the increasing population of corn in cropping pattern, inmonoculture bitter king productivity was 1.1 kg/m 2 decreased to 0.5 kg/m 2in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm).In opposite, the productivity of corn increased by the increasingpopulation of corn in cropping pattern, that were 13.3 cobs/m 2 in croppingpattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing 150 cm x 20 cm) increasedto 22.2 cobs /m 2 in cropping pattern king bitter and corn (in a plant spacing90 cm x 20 cm). Most of king bitter production cost (Rp. 300/polybag),isfor seedlings. In monoculture of king bitter, seedling cost of king bitterwas 66,5% of production cost, and in cropping pattern king bitter and corn(in a plant spacing 90 cm x 20 cm) the seedling cost was 36% ofproduction cost. To reduce production cost, farmers suggested to producethe seedlings by themselves. The study suggested that the best croppingpattern was king bitter planted with corn at 90 cm x 20 cm planting space.This cropping pattern financially acceptable as it raised income as much asRp.1,188,360, B/C ratio 1,45 per 1.000 m2 and gave more then 20% ofmanagement income which was more adaptable to fluctuation productioncost and price of product, and gave Rp. 51,675/1.000 m 2 net benefitcompared to monoculture of king bitterKey words: Sambiloto, Andrografis paniculata Nees, corn, croppingpattern, farming, production, West Java